Topics

Books

The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations

– Huntington, Samuel P. The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1957.
“In a classic work, Samuel P. Huntington challenges most of the old assumptions and ideas on the role of the military in society. Stressing the value of the military outlook for… More

The Common Defense: Strategic Programs in National Politics

– Huntington, Samuel P. The Common Defense: Strategic Programs in National Politics. New York, Columbia University Press, 1961.
“Professor Robert Bowie of Harvard, who formerly headed the State Department’s policy planning staff, remarked a year ago that “we just don’t know much about …… More

Changing Patterns of Military Politics in National Politics

– Ed. Huntington, Samuel. Changing Patterns of Military Politics in National Politics. New York: Free Press, 1962.
“This book is a useful, if rather uneven, addition to the growing literature of military politics. As the third volume of the International Yearbook of Political Behavior… More

Political Power: USA/USSR

– Brzezinsky, Zbigniew and Samuel P. Huntington. Political Power: USA/USSR. New York: Viking Press, 1964.
“This is a stimulating study by two creative and productive young political scientists. Professor Brzezinski is the author of several important works on Soviet and Eastern European… More

Political Order in Changing Societies

– Huntington, Samuel P. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968.
Huntington’s foundational work on political development was controversial when it first appeared, in the midst of the Vietnam War, because it argued that order itself was an important… More

No Easy Choice, Political Participation in Developing Countries

– Huntington, Samuel P and Joan Nelson. No Easy Choice, Political Participation in Developing Countries. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976.
“Two leading writers on the processes of political development present a lucid analysis of the growth and desirability of political participation in developing countries and the ways… More

American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony

– Huntington, Samuel. American Politics: The Promise of Disharmony. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1981.
“This stunningly persuasive book examines the persistent, radical gap between the promise of American ideals and the performance of American politics. Samuel P. Huntington shows how… More

The Strategic Imperative: New Policies for American Security

– Ed. Huntington, Samuel P. The Strategic Imperative: New Policies for American Security. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982.
This product of Harvard’s new Program in National Security Studies is an interesting collection of essays which, in contrast to the Blechman volume (above), places comparatively… More

Living with Nuclear Weapons

– Carnesale, Albert, Paul Doty, Stanley Hoffman, Samuel P. Huntington, Joseph D. Nye Jr., Scott Sagan, Derek Bok. Living with Nuclear Weapons. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1983.
At the request of the President of Harvard University, six Harvard scholars have joined forces to write a book that lays out the facts about nuclear weapons for all concerned citizens who… More

Global Dilemmas

– Eds. Huntington, Samuel and Joseph Nye. Global Dilemmas. Cambridge: Center for International Affairs at Harvard University, 1985.
This collection, marking the 25th anniversary of Harvard’s Center for International Affairs, represents central issues for research in international affairs during this decade. Some… More

The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century

– Huntington, Samuel P. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late 20th Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993.
Between 1974 and 1990 more than thirty countries in southern Europe, Latin America, East Asia, and Eastern Europe shifted from authoritarian to democratic systems of government. This global… More

Understanding Political Development

– Weiner, Myron and Samuel P. Huntington. Understanding Political Development. Boston: Waveland Press, 1994.
The central concern of the essays in this exceptional volume is whether the various theories and concepts that scholars have invented for understanding the enormous political changes that… More

The Clash of Civilizations

– Huntington, Samuel. The Clash of Civilizations: and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996.
The classic study of post-Cold War international relations, more relevant than ever in the post-9/11 world, with a new foreword by Zbigniew Brzezinski. Since its initial publication, The… More

The Clash of Civilizations: The Debate

– Ed. Huntington, Samuel P. The Clash of Civilizations: The Debate.  New York: Foreign Affairs, 1996.
According to Samuel Huntington’s seminal 1993 essay, The Clash of Civilizations, world politics is entering a new phase, in which the great divisions among humankind and the… More

Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress

– Ed. Harrison, Lawrence and Samuel P. Huntington. Culture Matters: How Values Shape Human Progress. New York: Basic Books, 2000.
“The Asian and Russian financial crises have helped fuel a growing debate over the impact of culture on economic performance. In this useful guide to the controversy, many authors… More

Who Are We?: The Challenges to America’s National Identity

– Huntington, Samuel P. Who Are We?: The Challenges to America’s National Identity. New York: Simon and Schuster, 2005.
In his seminal work The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order, Samuel Huntington argued provocatively and presciently that with the end of the cold war,… More

Essays

The Election Tactics of the Nonpartisan League

– Huntington, Samuel P. "The Election Tactics of the Nonpartisan League." The Mississippi Valley Historical Review. v.36, n. 4: 613-632.
“For many years a problem relating to the nature of the American party system has confronted politicians and reformers on one hand and historians and political scientists on the… More

The Marasmus of the ICC: The Commission, the Railroads, and the Public Interest

– Huntington, Samuel P. "The Marasmus of the ICC: The Commission, the Railroads, and the Public Interest." The Yale Law Journal v. 61, n. 4 (Apr 1952): 467-509
“Among the myriad federal agencies concerned with transportation, the Interstate Commerce Commission has long been preeminent. It is the oldest transportation regulatory commission,… More

The ICC Re-Examined: A Colloquy

– Huntington, Samuel P, CP Dickerman and Charles S. Morgan. The Yale Law Journal (1952): 44-63.
“Mr. Williams criticisms in Transportation Regulation are inefect limited to my recommendation in the Marasmus that the regulatory functions of the ICC should be placed within the… More

Civilian Control and the Constitution

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Civilian Control and the Constitution." American Political Science Review v. 50, n. 3 (1956): 676-699.
“Civilian control of the military is a basic principle of the American Constitution”; so runs the commonplace. It is the thesis of this article that the eliche could hardly be… More

Conservatism as an Ideology

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Conservatism as an Ideology." The American Political Science Review v. 51, n. 2 (1957): 454-473.
“Does conservative political thought have a place in America today? The answer to this question depends on the general nature of conservatism as in ideology: its distinguishing… More

Communications

– Hacker, Louise M. and Samuel P. Huntington. "Communications." American Political Science Review v. 51, n. 4 (1957): 1062-1064.

Strategic Planning and the Political Process

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Strategic Planning and the Political Process." Foreign Affairs v. 38, n. 2 (1960): 285-299.
For a decade or more statesmen and scholars have been unhappy about American methods of making decisions on strategic programs–that is, decisions on the over-all size of the military… More

Equilibrium and Disequilibrium in American Military Policy

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Equilibrium and Disequilibrium in American Military Policy." Political Science Quarterly v. 76, n. 4 (1961): 481-502.
“For fifteen years American military policy has been in a state of turmoil and change. As a result, perhaps, stability has ranked high as a goal of military policy. In some respects… More

Interservice Competition and the Political Roles of the Armed Services

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Interservice Competition and the Political Roles of the Armed Services." The American Political Science Review v. 55, n. 1 (1961): 40-52.
“Conventional wisdom” (to purloin a phrase from Galbraith) holds that interservice competition necessarily undermines economy, efficiency, and effective central control in the military… More

Power, Expertise and the Military Profession

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Power, Expertise and the Military Profession." Daedelus v. 92, n. 4 (1963): 785-807.
Since 1945 the American military profession has been reeling under the impact of not one but two revolutions. The technological revolution has made the management of violence increasingly… More

Political Development and Political Decay

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Political Development and Political Decay." World Politics v. 17 (3) (1965): 386-430.
“Among the laws that rule human societies,” de Tocqueville said, “there is one which seems to be more precise and clear than all others. If men are to remain civilized or… More

Political Modernization: America vs. Europe

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Political Modernization: America vs. Europe." World Politics v. 18, n. 3 (1966): 378-414.
Political modernization involves, let us assume, three things. First, it involves the rationalization of authority: the replacement of a large number of traditional, religious, familial,… More

The Political Modernization of Traditional Monarchies

– Huntington, Samuel P. "The Political Modernization of Traditional Monarchies." Daedalus v. 95, n. 3 (1966): 763-788.
“The withering away of European colonial empires has virtually eliminated what was widely believed to be a highly anachronistic type of political order. There still remain, however,… More

Political Development and the Decline of the American System of World Order

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Political Development and the Decline of the American System of World Order." Daedalus  v. 96, n. 3 (1967): 927-929.
“By the year 2000 it should be clear retrospectively that the dominant feature of international politics during the thirty years after WWII was neither the East-West confrontation… More

Foreign Aid for What and for Whom

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Foreign Aid for What and for Whom." Foreign Policy v. 1 (1970): 161-189.
“Foreign Aid: Billions in Search of a Good Reason” was the title of a 1963 Fortune article by Charles J. V. Murphy. Seven years later, the billions may be fewer in number, but… More

Why “Foreign Policy”?

– Huntington, Samuel P. and Warren Demian Manshel. "Why "Foreign Policy"?" Foreign Policy v. 1 (1970): 3-5.

Foreign Aid for What and for Whom (II)

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Foreign Aid for What and for Whom (II)." Foreign Policy v. 2 (1971): 114-134.
“The year 1971 could be an historic one for US foreign aid. Congress and the President have the opportunity this year to make fundamental innovations. The effort is timely, for many… More

The Change to Change: Modernization, Development, and Politics

– Huntington, Samuel P. "The Change to Change: Modernization, Development, and Politics." Comparative Politics v. 3 n. 3 (1971): 283-322.
It was not until the mid-1950s that a renaissance in the study of comparative politics got under way. Concern with modernization and the comparison of modern and traditional political… More

After Containment: The Functions of the Military Establishment

– Huntington, Samuel P. "After Containment: The Functions of the Military Establishment." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science v. 406 (1973): 1-16.
After World War II, the United States reconstituted its military policy for the third time in its history. A strategy of deterrence was adopted as the military counterpart to a foreign… More

Transnational Organizations in World Politics

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Transnational Organizations in World Politics." World Politics v. 25, n. 2 (1973): 333-368.
These organizations appear to have little in common. They are public and private, national and international, profit-making and charitable, religious and secular, civil and military, and,… More

Paradigms of American Politics: Beyond the One, the Two, and the Many

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Paradigms of American Politics: Beyond the One, the Two, and the Many." Political Science Quarterly v. 89, n. 1 (1974): 1-26.
“In American social studies,” Louis Hartz observed eighteen years ago, “we still live in the shadow of the Progressive era.” The book in which he wrote these words… More

Postindustrial Politics: How Benign Will It Be?

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Postindustrial Politics: How Benign Will It Be?" Comparative Politics v. 6 n. 2 (1974): 163-191.
The concept of postindustrial society was advanced in the early 1960s by Daniel Bell as a model of society comparable to, but significantly different from, models of industrial and agrarian… More

Trade, Technology, and Leverage: Economic Diplomacy

– Huntington, Samuel P, Franklyn Holzman, Richard Portes, John Kiser, Maurice J. Mountain, and Robert Klitgaard. "Trade, Technology, and Leverage: Economic Diplomacy." Foreign Policy v. 32 (1978): 63-106.
An effective and realistic approach to US-Soviet economic relations today must reflect the key characteristics of the current phase of the superpower relationship. This phase differs… More

American Ideals versus American Institutions

– Huntington, Samuel P. "American Ideals versus American Institutions." Political Science Quarterly v. 97, n. 1 (1982): 1-37.
Throughout the history of the United States a broad consensus has existed among the American people in support of liberal, democratic, individualistic, and egalitarian values. These… More

Reform and Stability in South Africa

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Reform and Stability in South Africa." International Security v. 6, n. 4 (1982): 3-25.
“Multi-ethnic or multi-racial systems can be classified as vertical or hierarchical, on the one hand, and horizontal or parallel on the other. In a vertical or hierarchical system,… More

Conventional Deterrence and Conventional Retaliation in Europe

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Conventional Deterrence and Conventional Retaliation in Europe." International Security v. 8, n. 3 (1983): 32-56.
For a quarter century the slow but continuing trend in NATO strategy – and in thinking about NATO strategy – has been from emphasis on nuclear deterrence to emphasis on… More

Will More Countries Become Democratic?

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Will More Countries Become Democratic?" Political Science Quarterly v. 99, n. 2 (1984): 193-218.
What are the prospects for the emergence of more democratic regimes in the world? This question has intellectual and policy relevance for the 1980s. During the 1950s and early 1960s,… More

Coping with the Lippmann Gap

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Coping with the Lippmann Gap." Foreign Affairs v. 66, n. 3 (1987): 453-477.
Foreign policy,” wrote Walter Lippmann in 1943 in an oft-quoted phrase, “consists in bringing into balance, with a comfortable surplus of power in reserve, the nation’s… More

The U.S.: Decline or Renewal?

– Huntington, Samuel P. "The U.S.: Decline or Renewal?" Foreign Affairs v. 67, n. 2 (1988): 76-96.
In 1988 the United States reached the zenith of its fifth wave of declinism since the 1950s. The roots of this phenomenon lie in the political economy literature of the early 1980s that… More

Democracy’s Third Wave

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Democracy’s Third Wave." Journal of Democracy, v. 2, n. 2 (1991): 12-34.
Between 1974 and 1990, at least 30 countries made transitions to democracy, just about doubling the number of democratic governments in the world. Were these democratizations part of a… More

If Not Civilizations, What? Paradigms of the Post-Cold War World

– Huntington, Samuel P. "If Not Civilizations, What? Paradigms of the Post-Cold War World." Foreign Affairs v. 72, n. 5 (1993): 186-194.
When people think seriously, they think abstractly; they conjure up simplified pictures of reality called concepts, theories, models, paradigms. Without such intellectual constructs, there… More

Why International Primacy Matters

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Why International Primacy Matters." International Security v. 17, n. 4 (1993): 68-83.
Does international primacy matter? The answer seems so obvious that one first wonders why someone as intelligent, perceptive, and knowledgeable as Robert Jervis raises the question. On… More

The West: Unique, Not Universal

– Huntington, Samuel P. "The West: Unique, Not Universal." Foreign Affairs v. 75, n. 6 (1996): 28.
In recent years Westerners have reassured themselves and irritated others by expounding the notion that the culture of the West is and ought to be the culture of the world. This conceit… More

Democracy for the Long Haul

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Democracy for the Long Haul." Journal of Democracy v. 7, n. 2 (1996): 3-13.
I was last in Taipei in January 1989, participating in a conference on political change in Taiwan co-sponsored by the Institute of International Relations of National Chengchi University… More

The Erosion of American National Interests

– Huntington, Samuel P. "The Erosion of American National Interests." Foreign Affairs v. 76, n. 5 (1997): 28.
The years since the end of the Cold War have seen intense, wide-ranging, and confused debates about American national interests. Much of this confusion stems from the complexity of the… More

After Twenty Years: The Future of the Third Wave

– Huntington, Samuel P. "After Twenty Years: The Future of the Third Wave." Journal of Democracy v. 8, n. 4 (1997): 3-12.
Some five hundred years ago a small group of Portuguese leaders and thinkers — including King John II, Prince Henry the Navigator, Bartholomew Dias, and Vasco da Gama — acting… More

The Lonely Superpower

– Huntington, Samuel P. "The Lonely Superpower." Foreign Affairs v. 78, n. 2 (1999): 35.
During the past decade global politics has changed fundamentally in two ways. First, it has been substantially reconfigured along cultural and civilizational lines, as I have highlighted in… More

Robust Nationalism

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Robust Nationalism." The National Interest v. 58 (2000): 31.
Is there such a thing as a conservative foreign policy? There was during the Cold War, but now the answer appears to be “no.” People who consider themselves conservative and are… More

Try Again: A Reply to Russett, Oneal & Cox

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Try Again: A Reply to Russett, Oneal & Cox." Journal of Peace Research v. 37, n. 5 (2000): 609-610.
Russett, Oneal & Cox (2000) (henceforth RO&C) claim that their analysis of militarized interstate disputes between 1950 and 1992 provides a test of my hypotheses concerning clashes… More

The Special Case of Mexican Immigration

– Huntington, Samuel P, Georgie Anne Geyer, Peter Skerry, Linda Chavez, and Barbara Curtis. "The Special Case of Mexican Immigration." The American Enterprise v. 11, n. 8 (2000): 20.
America is often described as a country defined by a commitment to a creed formulated in the writings of our Founders. But American identity is only partly a matter of creed. For much of… More

Osama bin Laden Has Given Common Identity Back to the West

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Osama bin Laden Has Given Common Identity Back to the West." New Perspectives Quarterly v. 19, n. 1 (2003): 5-8.
Osama bin Laden has declared war on Western civilization, and in particular the United States. If the Muslim community to which Bin Laden is appealing rallies to him, then it will become a… More

Two Wests

– Huntington, Samuel P and Anthony Giddens.  "Two Wests." New Perspectives Quarterly v. 20, n. 4 (2003): 37-43.
The central division in the West is one which so many people have focused on: the difference in power between the United States and Europe. This division naturally gives rise to… More

Getting Me Wrong [with Reply]

– Huntington, Samuel P and Alan Wolfe. "Getting Me Wrong [with Reply]." Foreign Affairs v. 83, n. 5 (2004): 155-159.
In evaluating a novel, a poem, or a scholarly study, it can be useful and insightful to consider that work in the context of the author’s other writings, if those exist. For social… More

Dead Souls

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Dead Souls." The National Interest v. 75, n. 5 (2004): 5.
Debates over national identity are a pervasive characteristic of our time. In part, they raise rhetorical questions, but they also have profound implications for American society and… More

Are We A Nation “Under God”?

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Are We A Nation "Under God”?" The American Enterprise v. 15, n. 5, (2004): 18.
As this issue of The American Enterprise goes to press this June, the U.S. Supreme Court is considering whether the words “under G-d” in the Pledge of Allegiance are a… More

One Nation, Out of Many

– Huntington, Samuel P. "One Nation, Out of Many." The American Enterprise v. 15, n. 6, (2004): 20.
America’s core culture has primarily been the culture of the seventeenth- and eighteenth-century settlers who founded our nation. The central elements of that culture are the Christian… More

The Hispanic Challenge

– Huntington, Samuel P. "The Hispanic Challenge." Foreign Policy v. 141 (2004): 30-45.
The persistent inflow of Hispanic immigrants threatens to divide the United States into two peoples, two cultures, and two languages. Unlike past immigrant groups, Mexicans and other… More

How Countries Democratize

– Huntington, Samuel P. "How Countries Democratize." Political Science Quarterly v. 124, n. 1 (2009): 31.
Between 1974 and 1990 more than thirty countries in southern Europe, Latin America, East Asia, and Eastern Europe shifted from authoritarian to democratic systems of government. This… More

The Clash of Civilizations Revisited

– Huntington, Samuel P. The Clash of Civilizations Revisited. New Perspectives Quarterly v. 30, n. 4 (2013): 46-54.
My view is that relations between countries in the coming decades are most likely to reflect their cultural commitments, their cultural ties and antagonism with other countries rather than… More

Commentary

The New Civil-Military Relations

– Lyons, Gene. "The New Civil-Military Relations." American Political Science Review 55 (March 1961): 53-60.
“Historically the character of civil-military relations in the United States has been dominated by the concept of civilian control of the military. This has largely been a response to… More

Political Ideals and the Military Ethic

– Guttman, Allen. "Political Ideals and the Military Ethic." American Scholar 34:2 (Spring 1965): 221-237.
“From the 1770s to the 1960s, from the Committee of Correspondence to S.N.C.C., American political rhetoric has remained remarkably constant. Liberty and equality. Although each… More

Comparative History and the Theory of Modernization

– Salamon, Lester. "Comparative History and the Theory of Modernization." World Politics 23 (Oct. 1970): 83-103.
“One of the sorest needs in the social sciences is for clear and concise conceptual equipment to give structure to disciplines and order to the range of hypotheses these disciplines… More

The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait

– Janowitz, Morris. The Professional Soldier: A Social and Political Portrait. New York: The Free Press, 1971.
“In his social profile of the professional soldier, Janowitz develops the basic distinction between “absolutist” and “pragmatist” approaches. Warfare –… More

Order or Movement?: The Literature of Political Development as Ideology

– Kessleman, Mark. "Order or Movement?: The Literature of Political Development as Ideology." World Politics 26 (Oct  1973): 139-154.
“The term ‘political development’ originated during the cold war. After WWII, the prevalent attitude in the United States toward the Third World resembled that toward… More

Institutionalization and political development: a conceptual and theoretical analysis

– Ben-Dor, Gabriel. "Institutionalization and political development: a conceptual and theoretical analysis." Comparative Studies in Society and History 17 (Jul. 1975): 309-325.
“In recent years, institutionalization has become one of the key concepts in comparative politics in general, and in the study of political development in particular. This elegant and… More

The Institutional Myth: Huntington’s Order Revisited

– Groth, Alexander. "The Institutional Myth: Huntington's Order Revisited." The Review of Politics 41 (Apr. 1979): 203-234.
Among influential writers in the field of political development and comparative politics in the last two decades few have excelled Samuel P. Huntington. With a prudent economy of basic… More

The Democratic Temper

– Beer, Samuel. "The Democratic Temper." The New Republic 185 (Nov. 11, 1981): 30-33.
“This brilliant book should have been published a year ago. In the last days of the Carter Administration it did seem as if our political institutions suffered from a deepening… More

The ‘American Creed’ and Constitutional Theory

– Smith, Rogers M. "The 'American Creed' and Constitutional Theory." Harvard Law Review 95 (May 1982): 1691-1702.
“Political scientist Samuel P. Huntington’s scholarship has been unified by an ongoing concern for the basis of political authority in various political arenas. This concern… More

The Varieties of Revolution

– Dix, Robert. "The Varieties of Revolution." Comparative Politics 15:3 (Apr 1983): 281-294.
“In his Political Order in Changing Societies Samuel Huntington delineated two types of revolutions or revolutionary processes, the Western and the Eastern. Huntington argues, along… More

Samuel P. Huntington: An Appreciation

– Putnam, Robert. "Samuel P. Huntington: An Appreciation." Political Science and Politics 19:4 (Autumn, 1986): 837-845.
“To survey the life and work of Samuel P. Huntington, the new President of the American Political Science Association, is a challenging task. First, even more than most other leaders… More

The Concept of Military Professionalism

– Harries-Jenkins, Gwyn. "The Concept of Military Professionalism." Defense Analysis 6:2 (Jun. 1990): 117-130.
“The publication in 1957 of Huntington’s The Soldier and the State and of Janowitz’s The Professional Soldier 3 years later stimulated considerable interest in the study… More

Democracy’s Third Wave

– Schmitter, Philippe C. "Democracy's Third Wave." The Review of Politics 55:2 (Spring 1993): 348-351.

Democratic Transitions in Comparative Perspective

– Munck, Gerardo. "Democratic Transitions in Comparative Perspective." Comparative Politics 26:3 (Apr. 1994): 355-375.
“The surge of democratic governments, starting in 1974 and continuing through the early 1990s is probably the political sign of our time. The political changes entailed, if broadly… More

An Exchange on Civil-Military Relations

– Kohn, Richard, Colin Powell, John Lehman, William Odom, Samuel Huntington, "An Exchange on Civil-Military Relations," The National Interest 36 (Summer 1994): 23-31
“Of all the problems facing the nation, a crisis in civil-military relations is not one of them and things are not out of control. Mr. Kohn lays major responsibility for this… More

The Tide Underneath the ‘Third Wave’

– Rowen, Henry. "The Tide Underneath the 'Third Wave'." Journal of Democracy 6:1 (Jan 1995): 52-64.
“The collapse of the socialist model, the increase in the number of democracies throughout the world, and the growing influence of East Asia have made the relative prospects of… More

Democratic Consolidations: Some Broad Comparisons and Sweeping Arguments

– Schneider, Ben Ross. "Democratic Consolidations: Some Broad Comparisons and Sweeping Arguments." Latin American Research Review 30:2 (Spring 1995): 215-234.
“These four ambitious books address similar concerns and raise several questions in common. First, they move beyond the analysis of transitions to democracy to focus on consolidation.… More

If Not Huntington’s “Civilizations,” Then Whose?

– Alker, Hayward. "If Not Huntington's "Civilizations," Then Whose?" Review (Fernand Braudel Center) 18:4 (Fall, 1995): 533-562.
“Samuel P. Huntington defines a civilization in psycho-cultural terms as “the highest cultural grouping of people and the broadest level of [‘intensely’ held]… More

“The “Clash” of Civilizations? Or an Emerging “East Asian Modernity”?

– C.J.W Wee, "The "Clash" of Civilizations? Or an Emerging "East Asian Modernity"? Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia 11:2 (October 1996): 211-230.
“This paper examines Samuel Huntington’s influential article, “The Clash of Civilizations?”, particularly his interest in “Confucian” civilizations.… More

The Civil-military Problematique: Huntington, Janowitz and the Question of Civilian Control

– Feaver, Peter. "The Civil-military Problematique: Huntington, Janowitz and the Question of Civilian Control." Armed Forces and Society: An Interdisciplinary Journal 23:2 (Winter 1996): 149-178.
“The alleged crisis in American civil-military relations has revived a long-standing theoretical debate about the determinants of civilian control. So far, the debate has followed… More

Political Order in Changing Societies by Francis Fukuyama

– Fukuyama, Francis. "Political Order in Changing Societies." Foreign Affairs 76:5 (Sept/Oct 1997): 215-216.
“Huntington’s foundational work on political development was controversial when it first appeared, in the midst of the Vietnam War, because it argued that order itself was an… More

Remaking the World by Sandra Buckley

– Buckley, Sandra. "Remaking the World: Reflections on Huntington's Clash of Civilizations." Theory & Event, 2:4 (1998): 1-24.
“I was having a great deal of trouble trying to identify for myself what I wanted to say in this essay and in frustration I took a day off and went to visit the Monterey Aquarium with… More

The Promise of Globalization or the Clash of Civilizations

– Neckerman, Peter. "The Promise of Globalization or the Clash of Civilizations." World and I 13:2 (Dec. 1998): 314.
“If I were asked to give a name to our century, I would not hesitate for a single moment. I would call it the “Century of Globalization,” because this will be its lasting… More

A Clash of Civilizations: An Idée Fixe?

– Senghaas, Deiter. "A Clash of Civilizations: An Idée Fixe?" Journal of Peace Research 35:1 (Jan 1998): 127-132.
Huntington’s thesis on the prospective clash of civilizations is criticized in two directions: neither the original article or the book gives any systematic analysis of the inherent… More

From Modernization Theory Towards the ‘Clash of Civilizations’: Directions and Paradigm Shifts in Samuel Huntington’s Analysis and Prognosis of Global Development

– Kreutzmann, Hermann. "From Modernization Theory Towards the 'Clash of Civilizations': Directions and Paradigm Shifts in Samuel Huntington's Analysis and Prognosis of Global Development." GeoJournal, 46:4 (1998): 255-265.
This paper critically discusses Samuel Huntington’s contribution to development studies. Long before his currently debated work on the clash of civilizations, Huntington wrote on the… More

Samuel Huntington and Communist Civil-Military Relations

– Herspring, Dale. "Samuel Huntington and Communist Civil-Military Relations." Armed Forces and Society: An Interdisciplinary Journal 25:4 (Summer 1999): 557-577.
“Contrary to Huntington’s hypothesis, analysis suggests that the relationship between the party-political apparatus and line elements of the armed forces of the former Soviet… More

Managing the ‘Expert Problem’ in Civil-Military Relations

– Bland, Douglas. "Managing the 'Expert Problem' in Civil-Military Relations." European Security 8:3 (Autumn 1999): 25-43.
Samuel Huntington once defined ‘the modern problem of civil‐military relations’ as managing the relationship between military experts and civilian ministers. The expert/minister… More

Clash of Civilizations, or Realism and Liberalism Déjà Vu? Some Evidence

– Russett, Bruce and John Oneal and Michaelene Cox. "Clash of Civilizations, or Realism and Liberalism Déjà Vu? Some Evidence." Journal of Peace Research 37:5 (Sep. 2000): 583-608.
We assess the degree to which propositions from Samuel Huntington’s The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order can account for the incidence of militarized interstate… More

Globalization and Political Strategy

– Jameson, Fredric. "Globalization and Political Strategy." New Left Review 4 (2000): 49-68.
Attempts to define globalization often seem little better than so many ideological appropriations—discussions not of the process itself, but of its effects, good or bad: judgements, in… More

Dialogue Among Civilizations: Possibilities after Huntington

– Healey, Stephen. "Dialogue Among Civilizations: Possibilities after Huntington." International Journal on World Peace. 18:1 (Mar. 2001): 7-14.
“Samuel Huntington’s 1993 Foreign Affairs article “The Clash of Civilizations?” was greeted with a hailstorm of protest, but many also felt that Huntington had grasped something… More

Clear and Present Strangers: The Clash of Civilizations and International Conflict

– Henderson, Erroll and Richard Tucker. "Clear and Present Strangers: The Clash of Civilizations and International Conflict." International Studies Quarterly 45:2 (Jun. 2001): 317-338.
“Huntington’s (1993a, 1993b, 1996) clash of civilizations thesis suggests that states belonging to different civilizations are more likely to become involved in conflict with… More

Two Civilizations and Ethnic Conflict: Islam and the West

– Fox, Jonathan. "Two Civilizations and Ethnic Conflict: Islam and the West." Journal of Peace Research 38:4 (Jul. 2001): 459-472.
Samuel Huntington’s controversial ‘Clash of Civilizations’ argument posits, among other things, that the extent of both international and domestic conflict between… More

Looking the World in the Eye by Robert D. Kaplan

– Kaplan, Robert. "Looking the World in the Eye." The Atlantic 288:5 (Dec. 2001): 68-82.
Excerpt: The most memorable review that Samuel Phillips Huntington, the Albert J. Weatherhead III University Professor at Harvard, ever got was a bad one. “Imagine,” Huntington… More

Islam and the West

– Bilgrami, Akeel. "Islam and the West." Philosophy & Social Criticism 38:5 (2002): 477-483.
This short essay analyzes the deception and self-deception in talk of ‘the clash of civilizations’ and proceeds to diagnose what is wrong in the standard understanding of Islam in the… More

If Not a Clash, Then What? Huntington, Nishida Kitaro and the Politics of Civilizations

– Jones, Christopher. "If Not a Clash, Then What? Huntington, Nishida Kitaro and the Politics of Civilizations." International Relations of the Asia Pacific 2.2 (Aug 1, 2002): 223-243.
The debate surrounding Samuel Huntington’s influential Clash of Civilizations thesis has been focused too narrowly on the accuracy of his categorization of civilizations. This focus… More

The ‘Clash of Civilizations’ and Postcommunist Europe

– Miller, Bill. "The 'Clash of Civilizations' and Postcommunist Europe." Comparative European Politics 1:2 (2003): 111-127.
Samuel Huntington’s ‘clash of civilizations’ thesis has been widely disputed, but rarely challenged on the basis of individual-level data. Focusing on two postcommunist societies… More

Samuel Huntington and the Geopolitics of American Identity: The Function of Foreign Policy in America’s Domestic Clash of Civilizations

– El-Din, Aysha. "Samuel Huntington and the Geopolitics of American Identity: The Function of Foreign Policy in America's Domestic Clash of Civilizations." International Studies Review, 5:1 (2003): 53-76.
The clash of civilizations thesis’s true origins lie partly in problems Samuel Huntington sees brewing in his own country. His thesis is to a considerable extent an externalization of… More

Huntington’s Shift to the Declinist Camp: Conservative Declinism and the ‘Historical Function’ of the Clash of Civilizations

– El-Din, Aysha. "Huntington’s Shift to the Declinist Camp: Conservative Declinism and the ‘Historical Function’ of the Clash of Civilizations." International Relations 17:4 (2003): 429-452.
Samuel Huntington, a severe critic of decline theory and an adamant revivalist, shifted radically to the declinist camp with the end of the Cold War, his penultimate declinist vision being… More

The Irony of Western Ideas in a Multicultural World: Russians’ Intellectual Engagement with the “End of History” and “Clash of Civilizations

– Tsygankov, Andrei. "The Irony of Western Ideas in a Multicultural World: Russians' Intellectual Engagement with the 'End of History' and 'Clash of Civilizations.'" International Studies Review 5:1 (Mar. 2003), 53-76.
International ideas can make important contributions to how local cultures and civilizations perceive each other. Indeed, ideas formulated in one society can be misunderstood by the… More

The US Media, Huntington and September 11

– Abrahamian, Ervand. "The US Media, Huntington and September 11." Third World Quarterly, 24:3 (Jun. 2003): 529-544.
The mainstream quality media in the USA—unlike that of Europe— framed September 11 within the context of Islam, culture and civilisations. In other words, it explained the crisis by… More

Samuel Huntingtons demokratische Wellen — viel Lärm um Gischt? [Samuel Huntington’s Democratic Waves: Much Ado about Spray

– Zimmerling, Ruth. "Samuel Huntingtons demokratische Wellen — viel Lärm um Gischt? [Samuel Huntington’s Democratic Waves: Much Ado about Spray." Politische Vierteljahresschrift 44:2 (June 2003): 196-216.
“In this paper I will take a critical look at the state of knowledge about prerequisites of democracy within the academic discipline of political science. I will argue that over the… More

Armed Servants: Agency, Oversight, and Civil-Military Relations

– Feaver, Peter. Armed Servants: Agency, Oversight, and Civil-Military Relations. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2003.
How do civilians control the military? In the wake of September 11, the renewed presence of national security in everyday life has made this question all the more pressing. In this book,… More

Huntington or Halliburton? The Real Clash of Civilizations in American Life

– James, Christine. "Huntington or Halliburton? The Real Clash of Civilizations in American Life." Journal for the Study of Religion and Ideologies 3:8 (2004): 43-54.
A wide variety of sources, including the Huntington literature and popular mass media, show that Huntington’s “clash of civilizations” idea actually has very little value in… More

Native Son: Samuel Huntington Defends the Homeland

– Wolfe, Alan. "Native Son: Samuel Huntington Defends the Homeland." Foreign Affairs 83:3 (May-June 2004): 120.
In the course of a remarkably distinguished academic career, Samuel Huntington has demonstrated a steadfast commitment to realism. Distaste for sentimentality is certainly on display in his… More

The News Media and the “Clash of Civilizations”

– Seib, Philip. "The News Media and the 'Clash of Civilizations.'" Parameters 34:4 (Winter 2004): 71-86.
The “call to jihad is rising in the streets of Europe, and is being answered,” reported The New York Times in April 2004. The Times story quoted a Muslim cleric in Britain touting the… More

Problems of Identity in America: Two Views

– Black, Jeremy and John Zmirak. "Problems of Identity in America: Two Views." Modern Age 47:3 (Summer 2005): 278-285.
This is a rare book – erudite and readable, analytical but urgent, a work of political science which the author admits he wrote as “a patriot.” While few political theorists… More

Can a Global Peace Last Even If Achieved? Huntington and the Democratic Peace

– Xenias, Anastasia. "Can a Global Peace Last Even If Achieved? Huntington and the Democratic Peace." International Studies Review 7:3 (Sep. 2005), 357-386.
Current events have surfaced new challenges in the international state system. These are alternatively characterized as state versus substate conflicts, religious conflicts or the outgrowth… More

What are we to make of Samuel Huntington?

– Skerry, Peter. "What are we to make of Samuel Huntington?" Society 43:1 (Nov-Dec 2005): 82-92.
“At one point in Who Are We? Samuel Huntington related a little-known episode of the Mexican War, in which Irish immigrant soldier deserted the American army to serve with their… More

The Crisis of American National Identity by Charles Kesler

– Kesler, Charles. "The Crisis of American National Identity." Claremont Review of Books 5:4 (Fall 2005): 24-30.
About a decade ago, when he was vice president, Al Gore explained that our national motto, e pluribus unum, means “from one, many.” This was a sad day for knowledge of Latin… More

Culture, Civilization, or Economy? Test of the Clash of Civilizations Thesis

– Imai, Kunhiko. "Culture, Civilization, or Economy? Test of the Clash of Civilizations Thesis." International Journal on World Peace, Vol. 23:3 (Sept. 2006): 3-33
Many scholars posit that globalization of national economies has weakened states’ control over their societies among developing countries, thus contributing to their democratization.… More

Political Islam, Clash of Civilizations, U.S. Dominance and Arab Support of Attacks on America: A Test of a Hierarchical Model

– Mostafa Mohammed and Mohanedt Al-Hamdi, "Political Islam, Clash of Civilizations, U.S. Dominance and Arab Support of Attacks on America: A Test of a Hierarchical Model." Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 30:8 (2007): 723-736.
This study examines two theses used to explain Arab support of the 11 September attacks on the United States: clash of civilizations and anti-dominance reaction to perceived American… More

The Future of Freedom: Illiberal democracy at home and abroad

– Zakaria, Fareed. The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad. New York: Norton & Co, 2007.
Translated into twenty languages The Future of Freedom is a modern classic that uses historical analysis to shed light on the present, examining how democracy has changed our politics,… More

Testing Huntington: Is Hispanic Immigration a Threat to American Identity?

– Citrin, Jack and Amy Lerman, Michael Murakami, and Kathryn Pearson. "Testing Huntington: Is Hispanic Immigration a Threat to American Identity?" Perspectives on Politics 5:1 (March 2007): 31-48.
Samuel Huntington argues that the sheer number, concentration, linguistic homogeneity, and other characteristic of Hispanic immigrants will erode the dominance of English as a nationally… More

American Immigration through Comparativists’ Eyes

– Laitin, David. "American Immigration through Comparativists' Eyes." Comparative Politics 41:1 (Oct. 2008) 103-120.
Immigration and its challenge to national identities are unleashing political conflict throughout the world. Three of the founders of modern comparative politics—Samuel Huntington,… More

A Scholar and a Gentleman

– Desch, Michael. "A Scholar and a Gentleman," American Conservative 8:2 (Jan. 26, 2009): 25-26.
Samuel Huntington died on Christmas Eve at age 81 after a long and slow decline. We have lost not only an astute public intellectual but a fine man. Fortunately, he left a rich legacy:… More

American Civil-Military Relations: The Soldier and the State in a New Era

– Eds. Nielson, Suzanne and Don Snider. American Civil-Military Relations: The Soldier and the State in a New Era. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009.
American Civil-Military Relations offers the first comprehensive assessment of the subject since the publication of Samuel P. Huntington’s field-defining book, The Soldier and the State.… More

Samuel P. Huntington and the Ambiguities of American Power

– Zanin, Toby. "Samuel P. Huntington and the Ambiguities of American Power" International Journal 64:4 (Oct. 2009): 1109-1116
“He may not have ultimately enjoyed the last word on anything, but during a long and controversial career, Samuel Huntington (1927-2008) certainly did enjoy the exercise of initiating… More

A Scholar and a Gentleman by Eliot Cohen

– Eliot Cohen, "A Scholar and a Gentleman," Weekly Standard, January 19, 2009.
Excerpt: As the obituary notices will tell you, Samuel Huntington was a controversial figure. They lead, normally, with a reference to “Clash of Civilizations?” his 1993 Foreign… More

“A Zone of Deep Shadow”: Pedagogical and Familial Reflections on “The Clash of Civilizations”

– Jardine, David, Rahat Naqvi and Eric Jardine. ""A Zone of Deep Shadow": Pedagogical and Familial Reflections on "The Clash of Civilizations"." Interchange: A Quarterly Review of Education, Vol. 41:3 (2010): 209-232.
This paper examines the media coverage of the murder of a young Muslim girl in Mississauga, Ontario in December 2007. We examine how that coverage moved from concerns for a terrible family… More

Who Are We? : Samuel Huntington and the Problem of American Identity

– Holloway, Carson. "Who Are We? : Samuel Huntington and the Problem of American Identity.' Perspectives on Political Science, 40:2 (2011): 106-114.
Responding to Samuel Huntington’s argument in Who Are We? The Challenges to America’s National Identity, this article explores the problematic character of American national… More

Beyond the Social Imaginary of “Clash of Civilizations”?

– Rizvi, Fazal. "Beyond the Social Imaginary of "Clash of Civilizations"?" Educational Philosophy and Theory, 43:3 (2011) pp. 225-235.
In recent years, the notion of a ‘clash of civilizations’, first put forward by Samuel Huntington (1996), has been widely used to explain the contemporary dynamics of geo-political… More

Political Utilisation of Scholarly Ideas: the ‘Clash of Civilisations’ vs. ‘Soft Power’ in US Foreign Policy

– Erikkson, Johan and Ludvig Norman, "Political Utilisation of Scholarly Ideas: the 'Clash of Civilisations' vs. 'Soft Power' in US Foreign Policy." Review of International Studies 37:1 (Jan. 2011): 417-436.
This article discusses how and under what conditions ideas coming from International Relations (IR) scholarship are used in foreign policy. We argue that the focus on policy relevance,… More

Samuel Huntington’s Legacy

– Fukuyama, Francis. "Samuel Huntington’s Legacy." Foreign Policy, Jan 5, 2011.
Of all of Samuel Huntington’s contributions to the study of politics, the most important was his 1968 work Political Order in Changing Societies. This book was probably the last major… More

American Civil-military Relations Today: The Continuing Relevance of Samuel P. Huntington’s The Soldier and the State

– Nielson, Suzanne. "American Civil-military Relations Today: the Continuing Relevance of Samuel P. Huntington’s The Soldier and the State." International Affairs, 88:2 (Mar. 2012): 369-376.
Fifty-five years after it was first published, Samuel Huntington’s The soldier and the state remains an essential starting point for serious discussions of American civil–military… More

Is the Arab Spring in the Third Wave of Democratization? The Case of Syria and Egypt

– Sarihan, Ali. "Is the Arab Spring in the Third Wave of Democratization? The Case of Syria and Egypt." Turkish Journal of Politics 3.1 (Summer 2012): 67-85.
In this paper, I will analyze the participation of Egypt and Syria in the Arab Spring using Huntington’s theory of third wave democratization. I will begin this examination with a brief… More

Was Huntington Right? Revisiting the Clash of Civilizations

– Ayoob, Mohammed. "Was Huntington Right? Revisiting the Clash of Civilizations." Insight Turkey 14:4 (Fall 2012): 1-12.
This essay is an attempt to revisit Samuel Huntington’s controversial thesis about a clash of civilizations. Though the author has been an early critique of Huntington, he finds… More

Tracks of the Third Wave: Democracy Theory, Democratisation and the Dilemma of Political Succession in Africa

– Nwosu, Bernard Ugochukwu. "Tracks of the Third Wave: Democracy Theory, Democratisation and the Dilemma of Political Succession in Africa." Review of African Political Economy 39:131 (2012): 11-25.
The sweep of the third-wave moment of democratic impulses through Africa saw mass movements against authoritarian rule and the demand for liberalisation of political spaces. Ruling-group… More

Anglosphere Exceptionalism

– Windschuttle, Keith. "Anglosphere Exceptionalism" New Criterion, 32:5 (Jan 2014): 23-29.
In 1996, when I visited New York to speak at some local universities, I was surprised to read a story on the front page of The New York Times. The Republican Governor of the state, George… More

The End of the Transitions Era? by Marc Plattner

– Plattner, Marc F. "The End of the Transitions Era?" Journal of Democracy, 25:3 (Jul. 2014): 5-16.
The year 2014 contains two anniversaries of great significance in the history of democracy. Global attention will no doubt focus primarily on the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Revolutions… More

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