Books
Political Development and Political Decay
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Political Development and Political Decay." World Politics v. 17 (3) (1965): 386-430.“Among the laws that rule human societies,” de Tocqueville said, “there is one which seems to be more precise and clear than all others. If men are to remain civilized or… More
Political Modernization: America vs. Europe
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Political Modernization: America vs. Europe." World Politics v. 18, n. 3 (1966): 378-414.Political modernization involves, let us assume, three things. First, it involves the rationalization of authority: the replacement of a large number of traditional, religious, familial,… More
The Political Modernization of Traditional Monarchies
– Huntington, Samuel P. "The Political Modernization of Traditional Monarchies." Daedalus v. 95, n. 3 (1966): 763-788.“The withering away of European colonial empires has virtually eliminated what was widely believed to be a highly anachronistic type of political order. There still remain, however,… More
Political Development and the Decline of the American System of World Order
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Political Development and the Decline of the American System of World Order." Daedalus v. 96, n. 3 (1967): 927-929.“By the year 2000 it should be clear retrospectively that the dominant feature of international politics during the thirty years after WWII was neither the East-West confrontation… More
Political Order in Changing Societies
– Huntington, Samuel P. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968.Huntington’s foundational work on political development was controversial when it first appeared, in the midst of the Vietnam War, because it argued that order itself was an important… More
Authoritarian Politics in Modern Society: The Dynamics of Established One-Party Systems
– Huntington, Samuel P. and Clement Moore. Authoritarian Politics in Modern Society: The Dynamics of Established One-Party Systems. New York: Basic Books, 1970.“From the research program on Political Institutionalization and Social Change (Center for International Affairs at Harvard University) this study of communist and non-communist… More
Comparative History and the Theory of Modernization
– Salamon, Lester. "Comparative History and the Theory of Modernization." World Politics 23 (Oct. 1970): 83-103.“One of the sorest needs in the social sciences is for clear and concise conceptual equipment to give structure to disciplines and order to the range of hypotheses these disciplines… More
Foreign Aid for What and for Whom
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Foreign Aid for What and for Whom." Foreign Policy v. 1 (1970): 161-189.“Foreign Aid: Billions in Search of a Good Reason” was the title of a 1963 Fortune article by Charles J. V. Murphy. Seven years later, the billions may be fewer in number, but… More
Why “Foreign Policy”?
– Huntington, Samuel P. and Warren Demian Manshel. "Why "Foreign Policy"?" Foreign Policy v. 1 (1970): 3-5.Foreign Aid for What and for Whom (II)
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Foreign Aid for What and for Whom (II)." Foreign Policy v. 2 (1971): 114-134.“The year 1971 could be an historic one for US foreign aid. Congress and the President have the opportunity this year to make fundamental innovations. The effort is timely, for many… More
The Change to Change: Modernization, Development, and Politics
– Huntington, Samuel P. "The Change to Change: Modernization, Development, and Politics." Comparative Politics v. 3 n. 3 (1971): 283-322.It was not until the mid-1950s that a renaissance in the study of comparative politics got under way. Concern with modernization and the comparison of modern and traditional political… More
Order or Movement?: The Literature of Political Development as Ideology
– Kessleman, Mark. "Order or Movement?: The Literature of Political Development as Ideology." World Politics 26 (Oct 1973): 139-154.“The term ‘political development’ originated during the cold war. After WWII, the prevalent attitude in the United States toward the Third World resembled that toward… More
Transnational Organizations in World Politics
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Transnational Organizations in World Politics." World Politics v. 25, n. 2 (1973): 333-368.These organizations appear to have little in common. They are public and private, national and international, profit-making and charitable, religious and secular, civil and military, and,… More
The Crisis of Democracy: Report on the Governability of Democracies to the Trilateral Commission
– Crozier, Michael and Samuel Huntington and Joji Watanuki. The Crisis of Democracy: Report on the Governability of Democracies to the Trilateral Commission. New York: New York University Press, 1975.“Is democracy in crisis? This question is being posed with increasing urgency by some of the leading statesmen of the West, by columnists and scholars and – if public opinion… More
Institutionalization and political development: a conceptual and theoretical analysis
– Ben-Dor, Gabriel. "Institutionalization and political development: a conceptual and theoretical analysis." Comparative Studies in Society and History 17 (Jul. 1975): 309-325.“In recent years, institutionalization has become one of the key concepts in comparative politics in general, and in the study of political development in particular. This elegant and… More
No Easy Choice, Political Participation in Developing Countries
– Huntington, Samuel P and Joan Nelson. No Easy Choice, Political Participation in Developing Countries. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976.“Two leading writers on the processes of political development present a lucid analysis of the growth and desirability of political participation in developing countries and the ways… More
Trade, Technology, and Leverage: Economic Diplomacy
– Huntington, Samuel P, Franklyn Holzman, Richard Portes, John Kiser, Maurice J. Mountain, and Robert Klitgaard. "Trade, Technology, and Leverage: Economic Diplomacy." Foreign Policy v. 32 (1978): 63-106.An effective and realistic approach to US-Soviet economic relations today must reflect the key characteristics of the current phase of the superpower relationship. This phase differs… More
The Institutional Myth: Huntington’s Order Revisited
– Groth, Alexander. "The Institutional Myth: Huntington's Order Revisited." The Review of Politics 41 (Apr. 1979): 203-234.Among influential writers in the field of political development and comparative politics in the last two decades few have excelled Samuel P. Huntington. With a prudent economy of basic… More
Reform and Stability in South Africa
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Reform and Stability in South Africa." International Security v. 6, n. 4 (1982): 3-25.“Multi-ethnic or multi-racial systems can be classified as vertical or hierarchical, on the one hand, and horizontal or parallel on the other. In a vertical or hierarchical system,… More
The Varieties of Revolution
– Dix, Robert. "The Varieties of Revolution." Comparative Politics 15:3 (Apr 1983): 281-294.“In his Political Order in Changing Societies Samuel Huntington delineated two types of revolutions or revolutionary processes, the Western and the Eastern. Huntington argues, along… More
Will More Countries Become Democratic?
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Will More Countries Become Democratic?" Political Science Quarterly v. 99, n. 2 (1984): 193-218.What are the prospects for the emergence of more democratic regimes in the world? This question has intellectual and policy relevance for the 1980s. During the 1950s and early 1960s,… More
Global Dilemmas
– Eds. Huntington, Samuel and Joseph Nye. Global Dilemmas. Cambridge: Center for International Affairs at Harvard University, 1985.This collection, marking the 25th anniversary of Harvard’s Center for International Affairs, represents central issues for research in international affairs during this decade. Some… More
Samuel P. Huntington: An Appreciation
– Putnam, Robert. "Samuel P. Huntington: An Appreciation." Political Science and Politics 19:4 (Autumn, 1986): 837-845.“To survey the life and work of Samuel P. Huntington, the new President of the American Political Science Association, is a challenging task. First, even more than most other leaders… More
Vietnam Report: Response
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Vietnam Report: Response." Science 235 (1987): 1448.Democracy’s Third Wave
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Democracy’s Third Wave." Journal of Democracy, v. 2, n. 2 (1991): 12-34.Between 1974 and 1990, at least 30 countries made transitions to democracy, just about doubling the number of democratic governments in the world. Were these democratizations part of a… More
The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century
– Kitschelt, Herbert. "The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century." American Political Science Review 86:4 (Dec 1992): 1028-1034.The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century
– Huntington, Samuel P. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late 20th Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993.Between 1974 and 1990 more than thirty countries in southern Europe, Latin America, East Asia, and Eastern Europe shifted from authoritarian to democratic systems of government. This global… More
Democracy’s Third Wave
– Schmitter, Philippe C. "Democracy's Third Wave." The Review of Politics 55:2 (Spring 1993): 348-351.The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century
– Shapiro, Ian. "The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century." World Politics 46:1 (October 1993): 121-150.Why International Primacy Matters
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Why International Primacy Matters." International Security v. 17, n. 4 (1993): 68-83.Does international primacy matter? The answer seems so obvious that one first wonders why someone as intelligent, perceptive, and knowledgeable as Robert Jervis raises the question. On… More
Understanding Political Development
– Weiner, Myron and Samuel P. Huntington. Understanding Political Development. Boston: Waveland Press, 1994.The central concern of the essays in this exceptional volume is whether the various theories and concepts that scholars have invented for understanding the enormous political changes that… More
Democratic Transitions in Comparative Perspective
– Munck, Gerardo. "Democratic Transitions in Comparative Perspective." Comparative Politics 26:3 (Apr. 1994): 355-375.“The surge of democratic governments, starting in 1974 and continuing through the early 1990s is probably the political sign of our time. The political changes entailed, if broadly… More
The Tide Underneath the ‘Third Wave’
– Rowen, Henry. "The Tide Underneath the 'Third Wave'." Journal of Democracy 6:1 (Jan 1995): 52-64.“The collapse of the socialist model, the increase in the number of democracies throughout the world, and the growing influence of East Asia have made the relative prospects of… More
Democratic Consolidations: Some Broad Comparisons and Sweeping Arguments
– Schneider, Ben Ross. "Democratic Consolidations: Some Broad Comparisons and Sweeping Arguments." Latin American Research Review 30:2 (Spring 1995): 215-234.“These four ambitious books address similar concerns and raise several questions in common. First, they move beyond the analysis of transitions to democracy to focus on consolidation.… More
The Clash of Civilizations
– Huntington, Samuel. The Clash of Civilizations: and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996.The classic study of post-Cold War international relations, more relevant than ever in the post-9/11 world, with a new foreword by Zbigniew Brzezinski. Since its initial publication, The… More
Democracy for the Long Haul
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Democracy for the Long Haul." Journal of Democracy v. 7, n. 2 (1996): 3-13.I was last in Taipei in January 1989, participating in a conference on political change in Taiwan co-sponsored by the Institute of International Relations of National Chengchi University… More
Political Order in Changing Societies by Francis Fukuyama
– Fukuyama, Francis. "Political Order in Changing Societies." Foreign Affairs 76:5 (Sept/Oct 1997): 215-216.“Huntington’s foundational work on political development was controversial when it first appeared, in the midst of the Vietnam War, because it argued that order itself was an… More
After Twenty Years: The Future of the Third Wave
– Huntington, Samuel P. "After Twenty Years: The Future of the Third Wave." Journal of Democracy v. 8, n. 4 (1997): 3-12.Some five hundred years ago a small group of Portuguese leaders and thinkers — including King John II, Prince Henry the Navigator, Bartholomew Dias, and Vasco da Gama — acting… More
Remaking the World by Sandra Buckley
– Buckley, Sandra. "Remaking the World: Reflections on Huntington's Clash of Civilizations." Theory & Event, 2:4 (1998): 1-24.“I was having a great deal of trouble trying to identify for myself what I wanted to say in this essay and in frustration I took a day off and went to visit the Monterey Aquarium with… More
From Modernization Theory Towards the ‘Clash of Civilizations’: Directions and Paradigm Shifts in Samuel Huntington’s Analysis and Prognosis of Global Development
– Kreutzmann, Hermann. "From Modernization Theory Towards the 'Clash of Civilizations': Directions and Paradigm Shifts in Samuel Huntington's Analysis and Prognosis of Global Development." GeoJournal, 46:4 (1998): 255-265.This paper critically discusses Samuel Huntington’s contribution to development studies. Long before his currently debated work on the clash of civilizations, Huntington wrote on the… More
The Lonely Superpower
– Huntington, Samuel P. "The Lonely Superpower." Foreign Affairs v. 78, n. 2 (1999): 35.During the past decade global politics has changed fundamentally in two ways. First, it has been substantially reconfigured along cultural and civilizational lines, as I have highlighted in… More
Globalization and Political Strategy
– Jameson, Fredric. "Globalization and Political Strategy." New Left Review 4 (2000): 49-68.Attempts to define globalization often seem little better than so many ideological appropriations—discussions not of the process itself, but of its effects, good or bad: judgements, in… More
Looking the World in the Eye by Robert D. Kaplan
– Kaplan, Robert. "Looking the World in the Eye." The Atlantic 288:5 (Dec. 2001): 68-82.Excerpt: The most memorable review that Samuel Phillips Huntington, the Albert J. Weatherhead III University Professor at Harvard, ever got was a bad one. “Imagine,” Huntington… More
Samuel Huntingtons demokratische Wellen — viel Lärm um Gischt? [Samuel Huntington’s Democratic Waves: Much Ado about Spray
– Zimmerling, Ruth. "Samuel Huntingtons demokratische Wellen — viel Lärm um Gischt? [Samuel Huntington’s Democratic Waves: Much Ado about Spray." Politische Vierteljahresschrift 44:2 (June 2003): 196-216.“In this paper I will take a critical look at the state of knowledge about prerequisites of democracy within the academic discipline of political science. I will argue that over the… More
Can a Global Peace Last Even If Achieved? Huntington and the Democratic Peace
– Xenias, Anastasia. "Can a Global Peace Last Even If Achieved? Huntington and the Democratic Peace." International Studies Review 7:3 (Sep. 2005), 357-386.Current events have surfaced new challenges in the international state system. These are alternatively characterized as state versus substate conflicts, religious conflicts or the outgrowth… More
The Future of Freedom: Illiberal democracy at home and abroad
– Zakaria, Fareed. The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad. New York: Norton & Co, 2007.Translated into twenty languages The Future of Freedom is a modern classic that uses historical analysis to shed light on the present, examining how democracy has changed our politics,… More
Islamic Fatalism and the Clash of Civilizations: An Appraisal of a Contentious and Dubious Theory
– Acevedo, Gabriel. "Islamic Fatalism and the Clash of Civilizations: An Appraisal of a Contentious and Dubious Theory." Social Forces, 86:4 (June 2008): 1711-1752.This paper will address the question of Islamic fatalism. Survey data will be used to assess Samuel P. Huntington’s controversial “Clash of Civilizations” thesis and its emphasis… More
A Scholar and a Gentleman
– Desch, Michael. "A Scholar and a Gentleman," American Conservative 8:2 (Jan. 26, 2009): 25-26.Samuel Huntington died on Christmas Eve at age 81 after a long and slow decline. We have lost not only an astute public intellectual but a fine man. Fortunately, he left a rich legacy:… More
How Countries Democratize
– Huntington, Samuel P. "How Countries Democratize." Political Science Quarterly v. 124, n. 1 (2009): 31.Between 1974 and 1990 more than thirty countries in southern Europe, Latin America, East Asia, and Eastern Europe shifted from authoritarian to democratic systems of government. This… More
A Celebration of the Life and Thought of Samuel P. Huntington
From a panel sponsored by the National Endowment for Democracy. As was confirmed by the many tributes that marked his passing on December 24, Samuel P. Huntington was one of the greatest… More
Harvard Kennedy School Forum: The Legacy of Sam Huntington
Political pundits and professors commemorate the late political scientist Samuel P. Huntington. .A panel of Huntington’s former students including CNN host and Time Magazine editor Fareed… More
Political Utilisation of Scholarly Ideas: the ‘Clash of Civilisations’ vs. ‘Soft Power’ in US Foreign Policy
– Erikkson, Johan and Ludvig Norman, "Political Utilisation of Scholarly Ideas: the 'Clash of Civilisations' vs. 'Soft Power' in US Foreign Policy." Review of International Studies 37:1 (Jan. 2011): 417-436.This article discusses how and under what conditions ideas coming from International Relations (IR) scholarship are used in foreign policy. We argue that the focus on policy relevance,… More
Samuel Huntington’s Legacy
– Fukuyama, Francis. "Samuel Huntington’s Legacy." Foreign Policy, Jan 5, 2011.Of all of Samuel Huntington’s contributions to the study of politics, the most important was his 1968 work Political Order in Changing Societies. This book was probably the last major… More
Samuel Huntington’s Clash of Civilizations or Francis Fukuyama’s End of History?
In this 1992 lecture at the American Enterprise institute a young Francis Fukuyama best known as the author of The End of History and the Last Man challenges his former professor Samuel P.… More
Is the Arab Spring in the Third Wave of Democratization? The Case of Syria and Egypt
– Sarihan, Ali. "Is the Arab Spring in the Third Wave of Democratization? The Case of Syria and Egypt." Turkish Journal of Politics 3.1 (Summer 2012): 67-85.In this paper, I will analyze the participation of Egypt and Syria in the Arab Spring using Huntington’s theory of third wave democratization. I will begin this examination with a brief… More
Tracks of the Third Wave: Democracy Theory, Democratisation and the Dilemma of Political Succession in Africa
– Nwosu, Bernard Ugochukwu. "Tracks of the Third Wave: Democracy Theory, Democratisation and the Dilemma of Political Succession in Africa." Review of African Political Economy 39:131 (2012): 11-25.The sweep of the third-wave moment of democratic impulses through Africa saw mass movements against authoritarian rule and the demand for liberalisation of political spaces. Ruling-group… More
The End of the Transitions Era? by Marc Plattner
– Plattner, Marc F. "The End of the Transitions Era?" Journal of Democracy, 25:3 (Jul. 2014): 5-16.The year 2014 contains two anniversaries of great significance in the history of democracy. Global attention will no doubt focus primarily on the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Revolutions… More
The Huntington Legacy in Political Development
Francis Fukuyama, Senior Fellow at the Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law at Stanford University, delivered the 2014 Edwin L. Godkin lecture at the JFK Jr. Forum. Fukuyama… More
Essays
Political Development and Political Decay
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Political Development and Political Decay." World Politics v. 17 (3) (1965): 386-430.“Among the laws that rule human societies,” de Tocqueville said, “there is one which seems to be more precise and clear than all others. If men are to remain civilized or… More
Political Modernization: America vs. Europe
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Political Modernization: America vs. Europe." World Politics v. 18, n. 3 (1966): 378-414.Political modernization involves, let us assume, three things. First, it involves the rationalization of authority: the replacement of a large number of traditional, religious, familial,… More
The Political Modernization of Traditional Monarchies
– Huntington, Samuel P. "The Political Modernization of Traditional Monarchies." Daedalus v. 95, n. 3 (1966): 763-788.“The withering away of European colonial empires has virtually eliminated what was widely believed to be a highly anachronistic type of political order. There still remain, however,… More
Political Development and the Decline of the American System of World Order
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Political Development and the Decline of the American System of World Order." Daedalus v. 96, n. 3 (1967): 927-929.“By the year 2000 it should be clear retrospectively that the dominant feature of international politics during the thirty years after WWII was neither the East-West confrontation… More
Political Order in Changing Societies
– Huntington, Samuel P. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968.Huntington’s foundational work on political development was controversial when it first appeared, in the midst of the Vietnam War, because it argued that order itself was an important… More
Authoritarian Politics in Modern Society: The Dynamics of Established One-Party Systems
– Huntington, Samuel P. and Clement Moore. Authoritarian Politics in Modern Society: The Dynamics of Established One-Party Systems. New York: Basic Books, 1970.“From the research program on Political Institutionalization and Social Change (Center for International Affairs at Harvard University) this study of communist and non-communist… More
Comparative History and the Theory of Modernization
– Salamon, Lester. "Comparative History and the Theory of Modernization." World Politics 23 (Oct. 1970): 83-103.“One of the sorest needs in the social sciences is for clear and concise conceptual equipment to give structure to disciplines and order to the range of hypotheses these disciplines… More
Foreign Aid for What and for Whom
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Foreign Aid for What and for Whom." Foreign Policy v. 1 (1970): 161-189.“Foreign Aid: Billions in Search of a Good Reason” was the title of a 1963 Fortune article by Charles J. V. Murphy. Seven years later, the billions may be fewer in number, but… More
Why “Foreign Policy”?
– Huntington, Samuel P. and Warren Demian Manshel. "Why "Foreign Policy"?" Foreign Policy v. 1 (1970): 3-5.Foreign Aid for What and for Whom (II)
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Foreign Aid for What and for Whom (II)." Foreign Policy v. 2 (1971): 114-134.“The year 1971 could be an historic one for US foreign aid. Congress and the President have the opportunity this year to make fundamental innovations. The effort is timely, for many… More
The Change to Change: Modernization, Development, and Politics
– Huntington, Samuel P. "The Change to Change: Modernization, Development, and Politics." Comparative Politics v. 3 n. 3 (1971): 283-322.It was not until the mid-1950s that a renaissance in the study of comparative politics got under way. Concern with modernization and the comparison of modern and traditional political… More
Order or Movement?: The Literature of Political Development as Ideology
– Kessleman, Mark. "Order or Movement?: The Literature of Political Development as Ideology." World Politics 26 (Oct 1973): 139-154.“The term ‘political development’ originated during the cold war. After WWII, the prevalent attitude in the United States toward the Third World resembled that toward… More
Transnational Organizations in World Politics
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Transnational Organizations in World Politics." World Politics v. 25, n. 2 (1973): 333-368.These organizations appear to have little in common. They are public and private, national and international, profit-making and charitable, religious and secular, civil and military, and,… More
The Crisis of Democracy: Report on the Governability of Democracies to the Trilateral Commission
– Crozier, Michael and Samuel Huntington and Joji Watanuki. The Crisis of Democracy: Report on the Governability of Democracies to the Trilateral Commission. New York: New York University Press, 1975.“Is democracy in crisis? This question is being posed with increasing urgency by some of the leading statesmen of the West, by columnists and scholars and – if public opinion… More
Institutionalization and political development: a conceptual and theoretical analysis
– Ben-Dor, Gabriel. "Institutionalization and political development: a conceptual and theoretical analysis." Comparative Studies in Society and History 17 (Jul. 1975): 309-325.“In recent years, institutionalization has become one of the key concepts in comparative politics in general, and in the study of political development in particular. This elegant and… More
No Easy Choice, Political Participation in Developing Countries
– Huntington, Samuel P and Joan Nelson. No Easy Choice, Political Participation in Developing Countries. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976.“Two leading writers on the processes of political development present a lucid analysis of the growth and desirability of political participation in developing countries and the ways… More
Trade, Technology, and Leverage: Economic Diplomacy
– Huntington, Samuel P, Franklyn Holzman, Richard Portes, John Kiser, Maurice J. Mountain, and Robert Klitgaard. "Trade, Technology, and Leverage: Economic Diplomacy." Foreign Policy v. 32 (1978): 63-106.An effective and realistic approach to US-Soviet economic relations today must reflect the key characteristics of the current phase of the superpower relationship. This phase differs… More
The Institutional Myth: Huntington’s Order Revisited
– Groth, Alexander. "The Institutional Myth: Huntington's Order Revisited." The Review of Politics 41 (Apr. 1979): 203-234.Among influential writers in the field of political development and comparative politics in the last two decades few have excelled Samuel P. Huntington. With a prudent economy of basic… More
Reform and Stability in South Africa
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Reform and Stability in South Africa." International Security v. 6, n. 4 (1982): 3-25.“Multi-ethnic or multi-racial systems can be classified as vertical or hierarchical, on the one hand, and horizontal or parallel on the other. In a vertical or hierarchical system,… More
The Varieties of Revolution
– Dix, Robert. "The Varieties of Revolution." Comparative Politics 15:3 (Apr 1983): 281-294.“In his Political Order in Changing Societies Samuel Huntington delineated two types of revolutions or revolutionary processes, the Western and the Eastern. Huntington argues, along… More
Will More Countries Become Democratic?
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Will More Countries Become Democratic?" Political Science Quarterly v. 99, n. 2 (1984): 193-218.What are the prospects for the emergence of more democratic regimes in the world? This question has intellectual and policy relevance for the 1980s. During the 1950s and early 1960s,… More
Global Dilemmas
– Eds. Huntington, Samuel and Joseph Nye. Global Dilemmas. Cambridge: Center for International Affairs at Harvard University, 1985.This collection, marking the 25th anniversary of Harvard’s Center for International Affairs, represents central issues for research in international affairs during this decade. Some… More
Samuel P. Huntington: An Appreciation
– Putnam, Robert. "Samuel P. Huntington: An Appreciation." Political Science and Politics 19:4 (Autumn, 1986): 837-845.“To survey the life and work of Samuel P. Huntington, the new President of the American Political Science Association, is a challenging task. First, even more than most other leaders… More
Vietnam Report: Response
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Vietnam Report: Response." Science 235 (1987): 1448.Democracy’s Third Wave
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Democracy’s Third Wave." Journal of Democracy, v. 2, n. 2 (1991): 12-34.Between 1974 and 1990, at least 30 countries made transitions to democracy, just about doubling the number of democratic governments in the world. Were these democratizations part of a… More
The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century
– Kitschelt, Herbert. "The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century." American Political Science Review 86:4 (Dec 1992): 1028-1034.The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century
– Huntington, Samuel P. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late 20th Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993.Between 1974 and 1990 more than thirty countries in southern Europe, Latin America, East Asia, and Eastern Europe shifted from authoritarian to democratic systems of government. This global… More
Democracy’s Third Wave
– Schmitter, Philippe C. "Democracy's Third Wave." The Review of Politics 55:2 (Spring 1993): 348-351.The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century
– Shapiro, Ian. "The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century." World Politics 46:1 (October 1993): 121-150.Why International Primacy Matters
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Why International Primacy Matters." International Security v. 17, n. 4 (1993): 68-83.Does international primacy matter? The answer seems so obvious that one first wonders why someone as intelligent, perceptive, and knowledgeable as Robert Jervis raises the question. On… More
Understanding Political Development
– Weiner, Myron and Samuel P. Huntington. Understanding Political Development. Boston: Waveland Press, 1994.The central concern of the essays in this exceptional volume is whether the various theories and concepts that scholars have invented for understanding the enormous political changes that… More
Democratic Transitions in Comparative Perspective
– Munck, Gerardo. "Democratic Transitions in Comparative Perspective." Comparative Politics 26:3 (Apr. 1994): 355-375.“The surge of democratic governments, starting in 1974 and continuing through the early 1990s is probably the political sign of our time. The political changes entailed, if broadly… More
The Tide Underneath the ‘Third Wave’
– Rowen, Henry. "The Tide Underneath the 'Third Wave'." Journal of Democracy 6:1 (Jan 1995): 52-64.“The collapse of the socialist model, the increase in the number of democracies throughout the world, and the growing influence of East Asia have made the relative prospects of… More
Democratic Consolidations: Some Broad Comparisons and Sweeping Arguments
– Schneider, Ben Ross. "Democratic Consolidations: Some Broad Comparisons and Sweeping Arguments." Latin American Research Review 30:2 (Spring 1995): 215-234.“These four ambitious books address similar concerns and raise several questions in common. First, they move beyond the analysis of transitions to democracy to focus on consolidation.… More
The Clash of Civilizations
– Huntington, Samuel. The Clash of Civilizations: and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996.The classic study of post-Cold War international relations, more relevant than ever in the post-9/11 world, with a new foreword by Zbigniew Brzezinski. Since its initial publication, The… More
Democracy for the Long Haul
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Democracy for the Long Haul." Journal of Democracy v. 7, n. 2 (1996): 3-13.I was last in Taipei in January 1989, participating in a conference on political change in Taiwan co-sponsored by the Institute of International Relations of National Chengchi University… More
Political Order in Changing Societies by Francis Fukuyama
– Fukuyama, Francis. "Political Order in Changing Societies." Foreign Affairs 76:5 (Sept/Oct 1997): 215-216.“Huntington’s foundational work on political development was controversial when it first appeared, in the midst of the Vietnam War, because it argued that order itself was an… More
After Twenty Years: The Future of the Third Wave
– Huntington, Samuel P. "After Twenty Years: The Future of the Third Wave." Journal of Democracy v. 8, n. 4 (1997): 3-12.Some five hundred years ago a small group of Portuguese leaders and thinkers — including King John II, Prince Henry the Navigator, Bartholomew Dias, and Vasco da Gama — acting… More
Remaking the World by Sandra Buckley
– Buckley, Sandra. "Remaking the World: Reflections on Huntington's Clash of Civilizations." Theory & Event, 2:4 (1998): 1-24.“I was having a great deal of trouble trying to identify for myself what I wanted to say in this essay and in frustration I took a day off and went to visit the Monterey Aquarium with… More
From Modernization Theory Towards the ‘Clash of Civilizations’: Directions and Paradigm Shifts in Samuel Huntington’s Analysis and Prognosis of Global Development
– Kreutzmann, Hermann. "From Modernization Theory Towards the 'Clash of Civilizations': Directions and Paradigm Shifts in Samuel Huntington's Analysis and Prognosis of Global Development." GeoJournal, 46:4 (1998): 255-265.This paper critically discusses Samuel Huntington’s contribution to development studies. Long before his currently debated work on the clash of civilizations, Huntington wrote on the… More
The Lonely Superpower
– Huntington, Samuel P. "The Lonely Superpower." Foreign Affairs v. 78, n. 2 (1999): 35.During the past decade global politics has changed fundamentally in two ways. First, it has been substantially reconfigured along cultural and civilizational lines, as I have highlighted in… More
Globalization and Political Strategy
– Jameson, Fredric. "Globalization and Political Strategy." New Left Review 4 (2000): 49-68.Attempts to define globalization often seem little better than so many ideological appropriations—discussions not of the process itself, but of its effects, good or bad: judgements, in… More
Looking the World in the Eye by Robert D. Kaplan
– Kaplan, Robert. "Looking the World in the Eye." The Atlantic 288:5 (Dec. 2001): 68-82.Excerpt: The most memorable review that Samuel Phillips Huntington, the Albert J. Weatherhead III University Professor at Harvard, ever got was a bad one. “Imagine,” Huntington… More
Samuel Huntingtons demokratische Wellen — viel Lärm um Gischt? [Samuel Huntington’s Democratic Waves: Much Ado about Spray
– Zimmerling, Ruth. "Samuel Huntingtons demokratische Wellen — viel Lärm um Gischt? [Samuel Huntington’s Democratic Waves: Much Ado about Spray." Politische Vierteljahresschrift 44:2 (June 2003): 196-216.“In this paper I will take a critical look at the state of knowledge about prerequisites of democracy within the academic discipline of political science. I will argue that over the… More
Can a Global Peace Last Even If Achieved? Huntington and the Democratic Peace
– Xenias, Anastasia. "Can a Global Peace Last Even If Achieved? Huntington and the Democratic Peace." International Studies Review 7:3 (Sep. 2005), 357-386.Current events have surfaced new challenges in the international state system. These are alternatively characterized as state versus substate conflicts, religious conflicts or the outgrowth… More
The Future of Freedom: Illiberal democracy at home and abroad
– Zakaria, Fareed. The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad. New York: Norton & Co, 2007.Translated into twenty languages The Future of Freedom is a modern classic that uses historical analysis to shed light on the present, examining how democracy has changed our politics,… More
Islamic Fatalism and the Clash of Civilizations: An Appraisal of a Contentious and Dubious Theory
– Acevedo, Gabriel. "Islamic Fatalism and the Clash of Civilizations: An Appraisal of a Contentious and Dubious Theory." Social Forces, 86:4 (June 2008): 1711-1752.This paper will address the question of Islamic fatalism. Survey data will be used to assess Samuel P. Huntington’s controversial “Clash of Civilizations” thesis and its emphasis… More
A Scholar and a Gentleman
– Desch, Michael. "A Scholar and a Gentleman," American Conservative 8:2 (Jan. 26, 2009): 25-26.Samuel Huntington died on Christmas Eve at age 81 after a long and slow decline. We have lost not only an astute public intellectual but a fine man. Fortunately, he left a rich legacy:… More
How Countries Democratize
– Huntington, Samuel P. "How Countries Democratize." Political Science Quarterly v. 124, n. 1 (2009): 31.Between 1974 and 1990 more than thirty countries in southern Europe, Latin America, East Asia, and Eastern Europe shifted from authoritarian to democratic systems of government. This… More
A Celebration of the Life and Thought of Samuel P. Huntington
From a panel sponsored by the National Endowment for Democracy. As was confirmed by the many tributes that marked his passing on December 24, Samuel P. Huntington was one of the greatest… More
Harvard Kennedy School Forum: The Legacy of Sam Huntington
Political pundits and professors commemorate the late political scientist Samuel P. Huntington. .A panel of Huntington’s former students including CNN host and Time Magazine editor Fareed… More
Political Utilisation of Scholarly Ideas: the ‘Clash of Civilisations’ vs. ‘Soft Power’ in US Foreign Policy
– Erikkson, Johan and Ludvig Norman, "Political Utilisation of Scholarly Ideas: the 'Clash of Civilisations' vs. 'Soft Power' in US Foreign Policy." Review of International Studies 37:1 (Jan. 2011): 417-436.This article discusses how and under what conditions ideas coming from International Relations (IR) scholarship are used in foreign policy. We argue that the focus on policy relevance,… More
Samuel Huntington’s Legacy
– Fukuyama, Francis. "Samuel Huntington’s Legacy." Foreign Policy, Jan 5, 2011.Of all of Samuel Huntington’s contributions to the study of politics, the most important was his 1968 work Political Order in Changing Societies. This book was probably the last major… More
Samuel Huntington’s Clash of Civilizations or Francis Fukuyama’s End of History?
In this 1992 lecture at the American Enterprise institute a young Francis Fukuyama best known as the author of The End of History and the Last Man challenges his former professor Samuel P.… More
Is the Arab Spring in the Third Wave of Democratization? The Case of Syria and Egypt
– Sarihan, Ali. "Is the Arab Spring in the Third Wave of Democratization? The Case of Syria and Egypt." Turkish Journal of Politics 3.1 (Summer 2012): 67-85.In this paper, I will analyze the participation of Egypt and Syria in the Arab Spring using Huntington’s theory of third wave democratization. I will begin this examination with a brief… More
Tracks of the Third Wave: Democracy Theory, Democratisation and the Dilemma of Political Succession in Africa
– Nwosu, Bernard Ugochukwu. "Tracks of the Third Wave: Democracy Theory, Democratisation and the Dilemma of Political Succession in Africa." Review of African Political Economy 39:131 (2012): 11-25.The sweep of the third-wave moment of democratic impulses through Africa saw mass movements against authoritarian rule and the demand for liberalisation of political spaces. Ruling-group… More
The End of the Transitions Era? by Marc Plattner
– Plattner, Marc F. "The End of the Transitions Era?" Journal of Democracy, 25:3 (Jul. 2014): 5-16.The year 2014 contains two anniversaries of great significance in the history of democracy. Global attention will no doubt focus primarily on the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Revolutions… More
The Huntington Legacy in Political Development
Francis Fukuyama, Senior Fellow at the Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law at Stanford University, delivered the 2014 Edwin L. Godkin lecture at the JFK Jr. Forum. Fukuyama… More
Commentary
Political Development and Political Decay
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Political Development and Political Decay." World Politics v. 17 (3) (1965): 386-430.“Among the laws that rule human societies,” de Tocqueville said, “there is one which seems to be more precise and clear than all others. If men are to remain civilized or… More
Political Modernization: America vs. Europe
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Political Modernization: America vs. Europe." World Politics v. 18, n. 3 (1966): 378-414.Political modernization involves, let us assume, three things. First, it involves the rationalization of authority: the replacement of a large number of traditional, religious, familial,… More
The Political Modernization of Traditional Monarchies
– Huntington, Samuel P. "The Political Modernization of Traditional Monarchies." Daedalus v. 95, n. 3 (1966): 763-788.“The withering away of European colonial empires has virtually eliminated what was widely believed to be a highly anachronistic type of political order. There still remain, however,… More
Political Development and the Decline of the American System of World Order
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Political Development and the Decline of the American System of World Order." Daedalus v. 96, n. 3 (1967): 927-929.“By the year 2000 it should be clear retrospectively that the dominant feature of international politics during the thirty years after WWII was neither the East-West confrontation… More
Political Order in Changing Societies
– Huntington, Samuel P. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968.Huntington’s foundational work on political development was controversial when it first appeared, in the midst of the Vietnam War, because it argued that order itself was an important… More
Authoritarian Politics in Modern Society: The Dynamics of Established One-Party Systems
– Huntington, Samuel P. and Clement Moore. Authoritarian Politics in Modern Society: The Dynamics of Established One-Party Systems. New York: Basic Books, 1970.“From the research program on Political Institutionalization and Social Change (Center for International Affairs at Harvard University) this study of communist and non-communist… More
Comparative History and the Theory of Modernization
– Salamon, Lester. "Comparative History and the Theory of Modernization." World Politics 23 (Oct. 1970): 83-103.“One of the sorest needs in the social sciences is for clear and concise conceptual equipment to give structure to disciplines and order to the range of hypotheses these disciplines… More
Foreign Aid for What and for Whom
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Foreign Aid for What and for Whom." Foreign Policy v. 1 (1970): 161-189.“Foreign Aid: Billions in Search of a Good Reason” was the title of a 1963 Fortune article by Charles J. V. Murphy. Seven years later, the billions may be fewer in number, but… More
Why “Foreign Policy”?
– Huntington, Samuel P. and Warren Demian Manshel. "Why "Foreign Policy"?" Foreign Policy v. 1 (1970): 3-5.Foreign Aid for What and for Whom (II)
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Foreign Aid for What and for Whom (II)." Foreign Policy v. 2 (1971): 114-134.“The year 1971 could be an historic one for US foreign aid. Congress and the President have the opportunity this year to make fundamental innovations. The effort is timely, for many… More
The Change to Change: Modernization, Development, and Politics
– Huntington, Samuel P. "The Change to Change: Modernization, Development, and Politics." Comparative Politics v. 3 n. 3 (1971): 283-322.It was not until the mid-1950s that a renaissance in the study of comparative politics got under way. Concern with modernization and the comparison of modern and traditional political… More
Order or Movement?: The Literature of Political Development as Ideology
– Kessleman, Mark. "Order or Movement?: The Literature of Political Development as Ideology." World Politics 26 (Oct 1973): 139-154.“The term ‘political development’ originated during the cold war. After WWII, the prevalent attitude in the United States toward the Third World resembled that toward… More
Transnational Organizations in World Politics
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Transnational Organizations in World Politics." World Politics v. 25, n. 2 (1973): 333-368.These organizations appear to have little in common. They are public and private, national and international, profit-making and charitable, religious and secular, civil and military, and,… More
The Crisis of Democracy: Report on the Governability of Democracies to the Trilateral Commission
– Crozier, Michael and Samuel Huntington and Joji Watanuki. The Crisis of Democracy: Report on the Governability of Democracies to the Trilateral Commission. New York: New York University Press, 1975.“Is democracy in crisis? This question is being posed with increasing urgency by some of the leading statesmen of the West, by columnists and scholars and – if public opinion… More
Institutionalization and political development: a conceptual and theoretical analysis
– Ben-Dor, Gabriel. "Institutionalization and political development: a conceptual and theoretical analysis." Comparative Studies in Society and History 17 (Jul. 1975): 309-325.“In recent years, institutionalization has become one of the key concepts in comparative politics in general, and in the study of political development in particular. This elegant and… More
No Easy Choice, Political Participation in Developing Countries
– Huntington, Samuel P and Joan Nelson. No Easy Choice, Political Participation in Developing Countries. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976.“Two leading writers on the processes of political development present a lucid analysis of the growth and desirability of political participation in developing countries and the ways… More
Trade, Technology, and Leverage: Economic Diplomacy
– Huntington, Samuel P, Franklyn Holzman, Richard Portes, John Kiser, Maurice J. Mountain, and Robert Klitgaard. "Trade, Technology, and Leverage: Economic Diplomacy." Foreign Policy v. 32 (1978): 63-106.An effective and realistic approach to US-Soviet economic relations today must reflect the key characteristics of the current phase of the superpower relationship. This phase differs… More
The Institutional Myth: Huntington’s Order Revisited
– Groth, Alexander. "The Institutional Myth: Huntington's Order Revisited." The Review of Politics 41 (Apr. 1979): 203-234.Among influential writers in the field of political development and comparative politics in the last two decades few have excelled Samuel P. Huntington. With a prudent economy of basic… More
Reform and Stability in South Africa
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Reform and Stability in South Africa." International Security v. 6, n. 4 (1982): 3-25.“Multi-ethnic or multi-racial systems can be classified as vertical or hierarchical, on the one hand, and horizontal or parallel on the other. In a vertical or hierarchical system,… More
The Varieties of Revolution
– Dix, Robert. "The Varieties of Revolution." Comparative Politics 15:3 (Apr 1983): 281-294.“In his Political Order in Changing Societies Samuel Huntington delineated two types of revolutions or revolutionary processes, the Western and the Eastern. Huntington argues, along… More
Will More Countries Become Democratic?
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Will More Countries Become Democratic?" Political Science Quarterly v. 99, n. 2 (1984): 193-218.What are the prospects for the emergence of more democratic regimes in the world? This question has intellectual and policy relevance for the 1980s. During the 1950s and early 1960s,… More
Global Dilemmas
– Eds. Huntington, Samuel and Joseph Nye. Global Dilemmas. Cambridge: Center for International Affairs at Harvard University, 1985.This collection, marking the 25th anniversary of Harvard’s Center for International Affairs, represents central issues for research in international affairs during this decade. Some… More
Samuel P. Huntington: An Appreciation
– Putnam, Robert. "Samuel P. Huntington: An Appreciation." Political Science and Politics 19:4 (Autumn, 1986): 837-845.“To survey the life and work of Samuel P. Huntington, the new President of the American Political Science Association, is a challenging task. First, even more than most other leaders… More
Vietnam Report: Response
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Vietnam Report: Response." Science 235 (1987): 1448.Democracy’s Third Wave
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Democracy’s Third Wave." Journal of Democracy, v. 2, n. 2 (1991): 12-34.Between 1974 and 1990, at least 30 countries made transitions to democracy, just about doubling the number of democratic governments in the world. Were these democratizations part of a… More
The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century
– Kitschelt, Herbert. "The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century." American Political Science Review 86:4 (Dec 1992): 1028-1034.The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century
– Huntington, Samuel P. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late 20th Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993.Between 1974 and 1990 more than thirty countries in southern Europe, Latin America, East Asia, and Eastern Europe shifted from authoritarian to democratic systems of government. This global… More
Democracy’s Third Wave
– Schmitter, Philippe C. "Democracy's Third Wave." The Review of Politics 55:2 (Spring 1993): 348-351.The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century
– Shapiro, Ian. "The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century." World Politics 46:1 (October 1993): 121-150.Why International Primacy Matters
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Why International Primacy Matters." International Security v. 17, n. 4 (1993): 68-83.Does international primacy matter? The answer seems so obvious that one first wonders why someone as intelligent, perceptive, and knowledgeable as Robert Jervis raises the question. On… More
Understanding Political Development
– Weiner, Myron and Samuel P. Huntington. Understanding Political Development. Boston: Waveland Press, 1994.The central concern of the essays in this exceptional volume is whether the various theories and concepts that scholars have invented for understanding the enormous political changes that… More
Democratic Transitions in Comparative Perspective
– Munck, Gerardo. "Democratic Transitions in Comparative Perspective." Comparative Politics 26:3 (Apr. 1994): 355-375.“The surge of democratic governments, starting in 1974 and continuing through the early 1990s is probably the political sign of our time. The political changes entailed, if broadly… More
The Tide Underneath the ‘Third Wave’
– Rowen, Henry. "The Tide Underneath the 'Third Wave'." Journal of Democracy 6:1 (Jan 1995): 52-64.“The collapse of the socialist model, the increase in the number of democracies throughout the world, and the growing influence of East Asia have made the relative prospects of… More
Democratic Consolidations: Some Broad Comparisons and Sweeping Arguments
– Schneider, Ben Ross. "Democratic Consolidations: Some Broad Comparisons and Sweeping Arguments." Latin American Research Review 30:2 (Spring 1995): 215-234.“These four ambitious books address similar concerns and raise several questions in common. First, they move beyond the analysis of transitions to democracy to focus on consolidation.… More
The Clash of Civilizations
– Huntington, Samuel. The Clash of Civilizations: and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996.The classic study of post-Cold War international relations, more relevant than ever in the post-9/11 world, with a new foreword by Zbigniew Brzezinski. Since its initial publication, The… More
Democracy for the Long Haul
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Democracy for the Long Haul." Journal of Democracy v. 7, n. 2 (1996): 3-13.I was last in Taipei in January 1989, participating in a conference on political change in Taiwan co-sponsored by the Institute of International Relations of National Chengchi University… More
Political Order in Changing Societies by Francis Fukuyama
– Fukuyama, Francis. "Political Order in Changing Societies." Foreign Affairs 76:5 (Sept/Oct 1997): 215-216.“Huntington’s foundational work on political development was controversial when it first appeared, in the midst of the Vietnam War, because it argued that order itself was an… More
After Twenty Years: The Future of the Third Wave
– Huntington, Samuel P. "After Twenty Years: The Future of the Third Wave." Journal of Democracy v. 8, n. 4 (1997): 3-12.Some five hundred years ago a small group of Portuguese leaders and thinkers — including King John II, Prince Henry the Navigator, Bartholomew Dias, and Vasco da Gama — acting… More
Remaking the World by Sandra Buckley
– Buckley, Sandra. "Remaking the World: Reflections on Huntington's Clash of Civilizations." Theory & Event, 2:4 (1998): 1-24.“I was having a great deal of trouble trying to identify for myself what I wanted to say in this essay and in frustration I took a day off and went to visit the Monterey Aquarium with… More
From Modernization Theory Towards the ‘Clash of Civilizations’: Directions and Paradigm Shifts in Samuel Huntington’s Analysis and Prognosis of Global Development
– Kreutzmann, Hermann. "From Modernization Theory Towards the 'Clash of Civilizations': Directions and Paradigm Shifts in Samuel Huntington's Analysis and Prognosis of Global Development." GeoJournal, 46:4 (1998): 255-265.This paper critically discusses Samuel Huntington’s contribution to development studies. Long before his currently debated work on the clash of civilizations, Huntington wrote on the… More
The Lonely Superpower
– Huntington, Samuel P. "The Lonely Superpower." Foreign Affairs v. 78, n. 2 (1999): 35.During the past decade global politics has changed fundamentally in two ways. First, it has been substantially reconfigured along cultural and civilizational lines, as I have highlighted in… More
Globalization and Political Strategy
– Jameson, Fredric. "Globalization and Political Strategy." New Left Review 4 (2000): 49-68.Attempts to define globalization often seem little better than so many ideological appropriations—discussions not of the process itself, but of its effects, good or bad: judgements, in… More
Looking the World in the Eye by Robert D. Kaplan
– Kaplan, Robert. "Looking the World in the Eye." The Atlantic 288:5 (Dec. 2001): 68-82.Excerpt: The most memorable review that Samuel Phillips Huntington, the Albert J. Weatherhead III University Professor at Harvard, ever got was a bad one. “Imagine,” Huntington… More
Samuel Huntingtons demokratische Wellen — viel Lärm um Gischt? [Samuel Huntington’s Democratic Waves: Much Ado about Spray
– Zimmerling, Ruth. "Samuel Huntingtons demokratische Wellen — viel Lärm um Gischt? [Samuel Huntington’s Democratic Waves: Much Ado about Spray." Politische Vierteljahresschrift 44:2 (June 2003): 196-216.“In this paper I will take a critical look at the state of knowledge about prerequisites of democracy within the academic discipline of political science. I will argue that over the… More
Can a Global Peace Last Even If Achieved? Huntington and the Democratic Peace
– Xenias, Anastasia. "Can a Global Peace Last Even If Achieved? Huntington and the Democratic Peace." International Studies Review 7:3 (Sep. 2005), 357-386.Current events have surfaced new challenges in the international state system. These are alternatively characterized as state versus substate conflicts, religious conflicts or the outgrowth… More
The Future of Freedom: Illiberal democracy at home and abroad
– Zakaria, Fareed. The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad. New York: Norton & Co, 2007.Translated into twenty languages The Future of Freedom is a modern classic that uses historical analysis to shed light on the present, examining how democracy has changed our politics,… More
Islamic Fatalism and the Clash of Civilizations: An Appraisal of a Contentious and Dubious Theory
– Acevedo, Gabriel. "Islamic Fatalism and the Clash of Civilizations: An Appraisal of a Contentious and Dubious Theory." Social Forces, 86:4 (June 2008): 1711-1752.This paper will address the question of Islamic fatalism. Survey data will be used to assess Samuel P. Huntington’s controversial “Clash of Civilizations” thesis and its emphasis… More
A Scholar and a Gentleman
– Desch, Michael. "A Scholar and a Gentleman," American Conservative 8:2 (Jan. 26, 2009): 25-26.Samuel Huntington died on Christmas Eve at age 81 after a long and slow decline. We have lost not only an astute public intellectual but a fine man. Fortunately, he left a rich legacy:… More
How Countries Democratize
– Huntington, Samuel P. "How Countries Democratize." Political Science Quarterly v. 124, n. 1 (2009): 31.Between 1974 and 1990 more than thirty countries in southern Europe, Latin America, East Asia, and Eastern Europe shifted from authoritarian to democratic systems of government. This… More
A Celebration of the Life and Thought of Samuel P. Huntington
From a panel sponsored by the National Endowment for Democracy. As was confirmed by the many tributes that marked his passing on December 24, Samuel P. Huntington was one of the greatest… More
Harvard Kennedy School Forum: The Legacy of Sam Huntington
Political pundits and professors commemorate the late political scientist Samuel P. Huntington. .A panel of Huntington’s former students including CNN host and Time Magazine editor Fareed… More
Political Utilisation of Scholarly Ideas: the ‘Clash of Civilisations’ vs. ‘Soft Power’ in US Foreign Policy
– Erikkson, Johan and Ludvig Norman, "Political Utilisation of Scholarly Ideas: the 'Clash of Civilisations' vs. 'Soft Power' in US Foreign Policy." Review of International Studies 37:1 (Jan. 2011): 417-436.This article discusses how and under what conditions ideas coming from International Relations (IR) scholarship are used in foreign policy. We argue that the focus on policy relevance,… More
Samuel Huntington’s Legacy
– Fukuyama, Francis. "Samuel Huntington’s Legacy." Foreign Policy, Jan 5, 2011.Of all of Samuel Huntington’s contributions to the study of politics, the most important was his 1968 work Political Order in Changing Societies. This book was probably the last major… More
Samuel Huntington’s Clash of Civilizations or Francis Fukuyama’s End of History?
In this 1992 lecture at the American Enterprise institute a young Francis Fukuyama best known as the author of The End of History and the Last Man challenges his former professor Samuel P.… More
Is the Arab Spring in the Third Wave of Democratization? The Case of Syria and Egypt
– Sarihan, Ali. "Is the Arab Spring in the Third Wave of Democratization? The Case of Syria and Egypt." Turkish Journal of Politics 3.1 (Summer 2012): 67-85.In this paper, I will analyze the participation of Egypt and Syria in the Arab Spring using Huntington’s theory of third wave democratization. I will begin this examination with a brief… More
Tracks of the Third Wave: Democracy Theory, Democratisation and the Dilemma of Political Succession in Africa
– Nwosu, Bernard Ugochukwu. "Tracks of the Third Wave: Democracy Theory, Democratisation and the Dilemma of Political Succession in Africa." Review of African Political Economy 39:131 (2012): 11-25.The sweep of the third-wave moment of democratic impulses through Africa saw mass movements against authoritarian rule and the demand for liberalisation of political spaces. Ruling-group… More
The End of the Transitions Era? by Marc Plattner
– Plattner, Marc F. "The End of the Transitions Era?" Journal of Democracy, 25:3 (Jul. 2014): 5-16.The year 2014 contains two anniversaries of great significance in the history of democracy. Global attention will no doubt focus primarily on the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Revolutions… More
The Huntington Legacy in Political Development
Francis Fukuyama, Senior Fellow at the Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law at Stanford University, delivered the 2014 Edwin L. Godkin lecture at the JFK Jr. Forum. Fukuyama… More
Multimedia
Political Development and Political Decay
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Political Development and Political Decay." World Politics v. 17 (3) (1965): 386-430.“Among the laws that rule human societies,” de Tocqueville said, “there is one which seems to be more precise and clear than all others. If men are to remain civilized or… More
Political Modernization: America vs. Europe
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Political Modernization: America vs. Europe." World Politics v. 18, n. 3 (1966): 378-414.Political modernization involves, let us assume, three things. First, it involves the rationalization of authority: the replacement of a large number of traditional, religious, familial,… More
The Political Modernization of Traditional Monarchies
– Huntington, Samuel P. "The Political Modernization of Traditional Monarchies." Daedalus v. 95, n. 3 (1966): 763-788.“The withering away of European colonial empires has virtually eliminated what was widely believed to be a highly anachronistic type of political order. There still remain, however,… More
Political Development and the Decline of the American System of World Order
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Political Development and the Decline of the American System of World Order." Daedalus v. 96, n. 3 (1967): 927-929.“By the year 2000 it should be clear retrospectively that the dominant feature of international politics during the thirty years after WWII was neither the East-West confrontation… More
Political Order in Changing Societies
– Huntington, Samuel P. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968.Huntington’s foundational work on political development was controversial when it first appeared, in the midst of the Vietnam War, because it argued that order itself was an important… More
Authoritarian Politics in Modern Society: The Dynamics of Established One-Party Systems
– Huntington, Samuel P. and Clement Moore. Authoritarian Politics in Modern Society: The Dynamics of Established One-Party Systems. New York: Basic Books, 1970.“From the research program on Political Institutionalization and Social Change (Center for International Affairs at Harvard University) this study of communist and non-communist… More
Comparative History and the Theory of Modernization
– Salamon, Lester. "Comparative History and the Theory of Modernization." World Politics 23 (Oct. 1970): 83-103.“One of the sorest needs in the social sciences is for clear and concise conceptual equipment to give structure to disciplines and order to the range of hypotheses these disciplines… More
Foreign Aid for What and for Whom
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Foreign Aid for What and for Whom." Foreign Policy v. 1 (1970): 161-189.“Foreign Aid: Billions in Search of a Good Reason” was the title of a 1963 Fortune article by Charles J. V. Murphy. Seven years later, the billions may be fewer in number, but… More
Why “Foreign Policy”?
– Huntington, Samuel P. and Warren Demian Manshel. "Why "Foreign Policy"?" Foreign Policy v. 1 (1970): 3-5.Foreign Aid for What and for Whom (II)
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Foreign Aid for What and for Whom (II)." Foreign Policy v. 2 (1971): 114-134.“The year 1971 could be an historic one for US foreign aid. Congress and the President have the opportunity this year to make fundamental innovations. The effort is timely, for many… More
The Change to Change: Modernization, Development, and Politics
– Huntington, Samuel P. "The Change to Change: Modernization, Development, and Politics." Comparative Politics v. 3 n. 3 (1971): 283-322.It was not until the mid-1950s that a renaissance in the study of comparative politics got under way. Concern with modernization and the comparison of modern and traditional political… More
Order or Movement?: The Literature of Political Development as Ideology
– Kessleman, Mark. "Order or Movement?: The Literature of Political Development as Ideology." World Politics 26 (Oct 1973): 139-154.“The term ‘political development’ originated during the cold war. After WWII, the prevalent attitude in the United States toward the Third World resembled that toward… More
Transnational Organizations in World Politics
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Transnational Organizations in World Politics." World Politics v. 25, n. 2 (1973): 333-368.These organizations appear to have little in common. They are public and private, national and international, profit-making and charitable, religious and secular, civil and military, and,… More
The Crisis of Democracy: Report on the Governability of Democracies to the Trilateral Commission
– Crozier, Michael and Samuel Huntington and Joji Watanuki. The Crisis of Democracy: Report on the Governability of Democracies to the Trilateral Commission. New York: New York University Press, 1975.“Is democracy in crisis? This question is being posed with increasing urgency by some of the leading statesmen of the West, by columnists and scholars and – if public opinion… More
Institutionalization and political development: a conceptual and theoretical analysis
– Ben-Dor, Gabriel. "Institutionalization and political development: a conceptual and theoretical analysis." Comparative Studies in Society and History 17 (Jul. 1975): 309-325.“In recent years, institutionalization has become one of the key concepts in comparative politics in general, and in the study of political development in particular. This elegant and… More
No Easy Choice, Political Participation in Developing Countries
– Huntington, Samuel P and Joan Nelson. No Easy Choice, Political Participation in Developing Countries. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976.“Two leading writers on the processes of political development present a lucid analysis of the growth and desirability of political participation in developing countries and the ways… More
Trade, Technology, and Leverage: Economic Diplomacy
– Huntington, Samuel P, Franklyn Holzman, Richard Portes, John Kiser, Maurice J. Mountain, and Robert Klitgaard. "Trade, Technology, and Leverage: Economic Diplomacy." Foreign Policy v. 32 (1978): 63-106.An effective and realistic approach to US-Soviet economic relations today must reflect the key characteristics of the current phase of the superpower relationship. This phase differs… More
The Institutional Myth: Huntington’s Order Revisited
– Groth, Alexander. "The Institutional Myth: Huntington's Order Revisited." The Review of Politics 41 (Apr. 1979): 203-234.Among influential writers in the field of political development and comparative politics in the last two decades few have excelled Samuel P. Huntington. With a prudent economy of basic… More
Reform and Stability in South Africa
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Reform and Stability in South Africa." International Security v. 6, n. 4 (1982): 3-25.“Multi-ethnic or multi-racial systems can be classified as vertical or hierarchical, on the one hand, and horizontal or parallel on the other. In a vertical or hierarchical system,… More
The Varieties of Revolution
– Dix, Robert. "The Varieties of Revolution." Comparative Politics 15:3 (Apr 1983): 281-294.“In his Political Order in Changing Societies Samuel Huntington delineated two types of revolutions or revolutionary processes, the Western and the Eastern. Huntington argues, along… More
Will More Countries Become Democratic?
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Will More Countries Become Democratic?" Political Science Quarterly v. 99, n. 2 (1984): 193-218.What are the prospects for the emergence of more democratic regimes in the world? This question has intellectual and policy relevance for the 1980s. During the 1950s and early 1960s,… More
Global Dilemmas
– Eds. Huntington, Samuel and Joseph Nye. Global Dilemmas. Cambridge: Center for International Affairs at Harvard University, 1985.This collection, marking the 25th anniversary of Harvard’s Center for International Affairs, represents central issues for research in international affairs during this decade. Some… More
Samuel P. Huntington: An Appreciation
– Putnam, Robert. "Samuel P. Huntington: An Appreciation." Political Science and Politics 19:4 (Autumn, 1986): 837-845.“To survey the life and work of Samuel P. Huntington, the new President of the American Political Science Association, is a challenging task. First, even more than most other leaders… More
Vietnam Report: Response
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Vietnam Report: Response." Science 235 (1987): 1448.Democracy’s Third Wave
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Democracy’s Third Wave." Journal of Democracy, v. 2, n. 2 (1991): 12-34.Between 1974 and 1990, at least 30 countries made transitions to democracy, just about doubling the number of democratic governments in the world. Were these democratizations part of a… More
The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century
– Kitschelt, Herbert. "The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century." American Political Science Review 86:4 (Dec 1992): 1028-1034.The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century
– Huntington, Samuel P. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late 20th Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993.Between 1974 and 1990 more than thirty countries in southern Europe, Latin America, East Asia, and Eastern Europe shifted from authoritarian to democratic systems of government. This global… More
Democracy’s Third Wave
– Schmitter, Philippe C. "Democracy's Third Wave." The Review of Politics 55:2 (Spring 1993): 348-351.The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century
– Shapiro, Ian. "The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century." World Politics 46:1 (October 1993): 121-150.Why International Primacy Matters
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Why International Primacy Matters." International Security v. 17, n. 4 (1993): 68-83.Does international primacy matter? The answer seems so obvious that one first wonders why someone as intelligent, perceptive, and knowledgeable as Robert Jervis raises the question. On… More
Understanding Political Development
– Weiner, Myron and Samuel P. Huntington. Understanding Political Development. Boston: Waveland Press, 1994.The central concern of the essays in this exceptional volume is whether the various theories and concepts that scholars have invented for understanding the enormous political changes that… More
Democratic Transitions in Comparative Perspective
– Munck, Gerardo. "Democratic Transitions in Comparative Perspective." Comparative Politics 26:3 (Apr. 1994): 355-375.“The surge of democratic governments, starting in 1974 and continuing through the early 1990s is probably the political sign of our time. The political changes entailed, if broadly… More
The Tide Underneath the ‘Third Wave’
– Rowen, Henry. "The Tide Underneath the 'Third Wave'." Journal of Democracy 6:1 (Jan 1995): 52-64.“The collapse of the socialist model, the increase in the number of democracies throughout the world, and the growing influence of East Asia have made the relative prospects of… More
Democratic Consolidations: Some Broad Comparisons and Sweeping Arguments
– Schneider, Ben Ross. "Democratic Consolidations: Some Broad Comparisons and Sweeping Arguments." Latin American Research Review 30:2 (Spring 1995): 215-234.“These four ambitious books address similar concerns and raise several questions in common. First, they move beyond the analysis of transitions to democracy to focus on consolidation.… More
The Clash of Civilizations
– Huntington, Samuel. The Clash of Civilizations: and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996.The classic study of post-Cold War international relations, more relevant than ever in the post-9/11 world, with a new foreword by Zbigniew Brzezinski. Since its initial publication, The… More
Democracy for the Long Haul
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Democracy for the Long Haul." Journal of Democracy v. 7, n. 2 (1996): 3-13.I was last in Taipei in January 1989, participating in a conference on political change in Taiwan co-sponsored by the Institute of International Relations of National Chengchi University… More
Political Order in Changing Societies by Francis Fukuyama
– Fukuyama, Francis. "Political Order in Changing Societies." Foreign Affairs 76:5 (Sept/Oct 1997): 215-216.“Huntington’s foundational work on political development was controversial when it first appeared, in the midst of the Vietnam War, because it argued that order itself was an… More
After Twenty Years: The Future of the Third Wave
– Huntington, Samuel P. "After Twenty Years: The Future of the Third Wave." Journal of Democracy v. 8, n. 4 (1997): 3-12.Some five hundred years ago a small group of Portuguese leaders and thinkers — including King John II, Prince Henry the Navigator, Bartholomew Dias, and Vasco da Gama — acting… More
Remaking the World by Sandra Buckley
– Buckley, Sandra. "Remaking the World: Reflections on Huntington's Clash of Civilizations." Theory & Event, 2:4 (1998): 1-24.“I was having a great deal of trouble trying to identify for myself what I wanted to say in this essay and in frustration I took a day off and went to visit the Monterey Aquarium with… More
From Modernization Theory Towards the ‘Clash of Civilizations’: Directions and Paradigm Shifts in Samuel Huntington’s Analysis and Prognosis of Global Development
– Kreutzmann, Hermann. "From Modernization Theory Towards the 'Clash of Civilizations': Directions and Paradigm Shifts in Samuel Huntington's Analysis and Prognosis of Global Development." GeoJournal, 46:4 (1998): 255-265.This paper critically discusses Samuel Huntington’s contribution to development studies. Long before his currently debated work on the clash of civilizations, Huntington wrote on the… More
The Lonely Superpower
– Huntington, Samuel P. "The Lonely Superpower." Foreign Affairs v. 78, n. 2 (1999): 35.During the past decade global politics has changed fundamentally in two ways. First, it has been substantially reconfigured along cultural and civilizational lines, as I have highlighted in… More
Globalization and Political Strategy
– Jameson, Fredric. "Globalization and Political Strategy." New Left Review 4 (2000): 49-68.Attempts to define globalization often seem little better than so many ideological appropriations—discussions not of the process itself, but of its effects, good or bad: judgements, in… More
Looking the World in the Eye by Robert D. Kaplan
– Kaplan, Robert. "Looking the World in the Eye." The Atlantic 288:5 (Dec. 2001): 68-82.Excerpt: The most memorable review that Samuel Phillips Huntington, the Albert J. Weatherhead III University Professor at Harvard, ever got was a bad one. “Imagine,” Huntington… More
Samuel Huntingtons demokratische Wellen — viel Lärm um Gischt? [Samuel Huntington’s Democratic Waves: Much Ado about Spray
– Zimmerling, Ruth. "Samuel Huntingtons demokratische Wellen — viel Lärm um Gischt? [Samuel Huntington’s Democratic Waves: Much Ado about Spray." Politische Vierteljahresschrift 44:2 (June 2003): 196-216.“In this paper I will take a critical look at the state of knowledge about prerequisites of democracy within the academic discipline of political science. I will argue that over the… More
Can a Global Peace Last Even If Achieved? Huntington and the Democratic Peace
– Xenias, Anastasia. "Can a Global Peace Last Even If Achieved? Huntington and the Democratic Peace." International Studies Review 7:3 (Sep. 2005), 357-386.Current events have surfaced new challenges in the international state system. These are alternatively characterized as state versus substate conflicts, religious conflicts or the outgrowth… More
The Future of Freedom: Illiberal democracy at home and abroad
– Zakaria, Fareed. The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad. New York: Norton & Co, 2007.Translated into twenty languages The Future of Freedom is a modern classic that uses historical analysis to shed light on the present, examining how democracy has changed our politics,… More
Islamic Fatalism and the Clash of Civilizations: An Appraisal of a Contentious and Dubious Theory
– Acevedo, Gabriel. "Islamic Fatalism and the Clash of Civilizations: An Appraisal of a Contentious and Dubious Theory." Social Forces, 86:4 (June 2008): 1711-1752.This paper will address the question of Islamic fatalism. Survey data will be used to assess Samuel P. Huntington’s controversial “Clash of Civilizations” thesis and its emphasis… More
A Scholar and a Gentleman
– Desch, Michael. "A Scholar and a Gentleman," American Conservative 8:2 (Jan. 26, 2009): 25-26.Samuel Huntington died on Christmas Eve at age 81 after a long and slow decline. We have lost not only an astute public intellectual but a fine man. Fortunately, he left a rich legacy:… More
How Countries Democratize
– Huntington, Samuel P. "How Countries Democratize." Political Science Quarterly v. 124, n. 1 (2009): 31.Between 1974 and 1990 more than thirty countries in southern Europe, Latin America, East Asia, and Eastern Europe shifted from authoritarian to democratic systems of government. This… More
A Celebration of the Life and Thought of Samuel P. Huntington
From a panel sponsored by the National Endowment for Democracy. As was confirmed by the many tributes that marked his passing on December 24, Samuel P. Huntington was one of the greatest… More
Harvard Kennedy School Forum: The Legacy of Sam Huntington
Political pundits and professors commemorate the late political scientist Samuel P. Huntington. .A panel of Huntington’s former students including CNN host and Time Magazine editor Fareed… More
Political Utilisation of Scholarly Ideas: the ‘Clash of Civilisations’ vs. ‘Soft Power’ in US Foreign Policy
– Erikkson, Johan and Ludvig Norman, "Political Utilisation of Scholarly Ideas: the 'Clash of Civilisations' vs. 'Soft Power' in US Foreign Policy." Review of International Studies 37:1 (Jan. 2011): 417-436.This article discusses how and under what conditions ideas coming from International Relations (IR) scholarship are used in foreign policy. We argue that the focus on policy relevance,… More
Samuel Huntington’s Legacy
– Fukuyama, Francis. "Samuel Huntington’s Legacy." Foreign Policy, Jan 5, 2011.Of all of Samuel Huntington’s contributions to the study of politics, the most important was his 1968 work Political Order in Changing Societies. This book was probably the last major… More
Samuel Huntington’s Clash of Civilizations or Francis Fukuyama’s End of History?
In this 1992 lecture at the American Enterprise institute a young Francis Fukuyama best known as the author of The End of History and the Last Man challenges his former professor Samuel P.… More
Is the Arab Spring in the Third Wave of Democratization? The Case of Syria and Egypt
– Sarihan, Ali. "Is the Arab Spring in the Third Wave of Democratization? The Case of Syria and Egypt." Turkish Journal of Politics 3.1 (Summer 2012): 67-85.In this paper, I will analyze the participation of Egypt and Syria in the Arab Spring using Huntington’s theory of third wave democratization. I will begin this examination with a brief… More
Tracks of the Third Wave: Democracy Theory, Democratisation and the Dilemma of Political Succession in Africa
– Nwosu, Bernard Ugochukwu. "Tracks of the Third Wave: Democracy Theory, Democratisation and the Dilemma of Political Succession in Africa." Review of African Political Economy 39:131 (2012): 11-25.The sweep of the third-wave moment of democratic impulses through Africa saw mass movements against authoritarian rule and the demand for liberalisation of political spaces. Ruling-group… More
The End of the Transitions Era? by Marc Plattner
– Plattner, Marc F. "The End of the Transitions Era?" Journal of Democracy, 25:3 (Jul. 2014): 5-16.The year 2014 contains two anniversaries of great significance in the history of democracy. Global attention will no doubt focus primarily on the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Revolutions… More
The Huntington Legacy in Political Development
Francis Fukuyama, Senior Fellow at the Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law at Stanford University, delivered the 2014 Edwin L. Godkin lecture at the JFK Jr. Forum. Fukuyama… More
Teaching
Political Development and Political Decay
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Political Development and Political Decay." World Politics v. 17 (3) (1965): 386-430.“Among the laws that rule human societies,” de Tocqueville said, “there is one which seems to be more precise and clear than all others. If men are to remain civilized or… More
Political Modernization: America vs. Europe
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Political Modernization: America vs. Europe." World Politics v. 18, n. 3 (1966): 378-414.Political modernization involves, let us assume, three things. First, it involves the rationalization of authority: the replacement of a large number of traditional, religious, familial,… More
The Political Modernization of Traditional Monarchies
– Huntington, Samuel P. "The Political Modernization of Traditional Monarchies." Daedalus v. 95, n. 3 (1966): 763-788.“The withering away of European colonial empires has virtually eliminated what was widely believed to be a highly anachronistic type of political order. There still remain, however,… More
Political Development and the Decline of the American System of World Order
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Political Development and the Decline of the American System of World Order." Daedalus v. 96, n. 3 (1967): 927-929.“By the year 2000 it should be clear retrospectively that the dominant feature of international politics during the thirty years after WWII was neither the East-West confrontation… More
Political Order in Changing Societies
– Huntington, Samuel P. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968.Huntington’s foundational work on political development was controversial when it first appeared, in the midst of the Vietnam War, because it argued that order itself was an important… More
Authoritarian Politics in Modern Society: The Dynamics of Established One-Party Systems
– Huntington, Samuel P. and Clement Moore. Authoritarian Politics in Modern Society: The Dynamics of Established One-Party Systems. New York: Basic Books, 1970.“From the research program on Political Institutionalization and Social Change (Center for International Affairs at Harvard University) this study of communist and non-communist… More
Comparative History and the Theory of Modernization
– Salamon, Lester. "Comparative History and the Theory of Modernization." World Politics 23 (Oct. 1970): 83-103.“One of the sorest needs in the social sciences is for clear and concise conceptual equipment to give structure to disciplines and order to the range of hypotheses these disciplines… More
Foreign Aid for What and for Whom
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Foreign Aid for What and for Whom." Foreign Policy v. 1 (1970): 161-189.“Foreign Aid: Billions in Search of a Good Reason” was the title of a 1963 Fortune article by Charles J. V. Murphy. Seven years later, the billions may be fewer in number, but… More
Why “Foreign Policy”?
– Huntington, Samuel P. and Warren Demian Manshel. "Why "Foreign Policy"?" Foreign Policy v. 1 (1970): 3-5.Foreign Aid for What and for Whom (II)
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Foreign Aid for What and for Whom (II)." Foreign Policy v. 2 (1971): 114-134.“The year 1971 could be an historic one for US foreign aid. Congress and the President have the opportunity this year to make fundamental innovations. The effort is timely, for many… More
The Change to Change: Modernization, Development, and Politics
– Huntington, Samuel P. "The Change to Change: Modernization, Development, and Politics." Comparative Politics v. 3 n. 3 (1971): 283-322.It was not until the mid-1950s that a renaissance in the study of comparative politics got under way. Concern with modernization and the comparison of modern and traditional political… More
Order or Movement?: The Literature of Political Development as Ideology
– Kessleman, Mark. "Order or Movement?: The Literature of Political Development as Ideology." World Politics 26 (Oct 1973): 139-154.“The term ‘political development’ originated during the cold war. After WWII, the prevalent attitude in the United States toward the Third World resembled that toward… More
Transnational Organizations in World Politics
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Transnational Organizations in World Politics." World Politics v. 25, n. 2 (1973): 333-368.These organizations appear to have little in common. They are public and private, national and international, profit-making and charitable, religious and secular, civil and military, and,… More
The Crisis of Democracy: Report on the Governability of Democracies to the Trilateral Commission
– Crozier, Michael and Samuel Huntington and Joji Watanuki. The Crisis of Democracy: Report on the Governability of Democracies to the Trilateral Commission. New York: New York University Press, 1975.“Is democracy in crisis? This question is being posed with increasing urgency by some of the leading statesmen of the West, by columnists and scholars and – if public opinion… More
Institutionalization and political development: a conceptual and theoretical analysis
– Ben-Dor, Gabriel. "Institutionalization and political development: a conceptual and theoretical analysis." Comparative Studies in Society and History 17 (Jul. 1975): 309-325.“In recent years, institutionalization has become one of the key concepts in comparative politics in general, and in the study of political development in particular. This elegant and… More
No Easy Choice, Political Participation in Developing Countries
– Huntington, Samuel P and Joan Nelson. No Easy Choice, Political Participation in Developing Countries. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976.“Two leading writers on the processes of political development present a lucid analysis of the growth and desirability of political participation in developing countries and the ways… More
Trade, Technology, and Leverage: Economic Diplomacy
– Huntington, Samuel P, Franklyn Holzman, Richard Portes, John Kiser, Maurice J. Mountain, and Robert Klitgaard. "Trade, Technology, and Leverage: Economic Diplomacy." Foreign Policy v. 32 (1978): 63-106.An effective and realistic approach to US-Soviet economic relations today must reflect the key characteristics of the current phase of the superpower relationship. This phase differs… More
The Institutional Myth: Huntington’s Order Revisited
– Groth, Alexander. "The Institutional Myth: Huntington's Order Revisited." The Review of Politics 41 (Apr. 1979): 203-234.Among influential writers in the field of political development and comparative politics in the last two decades few have excelled Samuel P. Huntington. With a prudent economy of basic… More
Reform and Stability in South Africa
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Reform and Stability in South Africa." International Security v. 6, n. 4 (1982): 3-25.“Multi-ethnic or multi-racial systems can be classified as vertical or hierarchical, on the one hand, and horizontal or parallel on the other. In a vertical or hierarchical system,… More
The Varieties of Revolution
– Dix, Robert. "The Varieties of Revolution." Comparative Politics 15:3 (Apr 1983): 281-294.“In his Political Order in Changing Societies Samuel Huntington delineated two types of revolutions or revolutionary processes, the Western and the Eastern. Huntington argues, along… More
Will More Countries Become Democratic?
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Will More Countries Become Democratic?" Political Science Quarterly v. 99, n. 2 (1984): 193-218.What are the prospects for the emergence of more democratic regimes in the world? This question has intellectual and policy relevance for the 1980s. During the 1950s and early 1960s,… More
Global Dilemmas
– Eds. Huntington, Samuel and Joseph Nye. Global Dilemmas. Cambridge: Center for International Affairs at Harvard University, 1985.This collection, marking the 25th anniversary of Harvard’s Center for International Affairs, represents central issues for research in international affairs during this decade. Some… More
Samuel P. Huntington: An Appreciation
– Putnam, Robert. "Samuel P. Huntington: An Appreciation." Political Science and Politics 19:4 (Autumn, 1986): 837-845.“To survey the life and work of Samuel P. Huntington, the new President of the American Political Science Association, is a challenging task. First, even more than most other leaders… More
Vietnam Report: Response
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Vietnam Report: Response." Science 235 (1987): 1448.Democracy’s Third Wave
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Democracy’s Third Wave." Journal of Democracy, v. 2, n. 2 (1991): 12-34.Between 1974 and 1990, at least 30 countries made transitions to democracy, just about doubling the number of democratic governments in the world. Were these democratizations part of a… More
The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century
– Kitschelt, Herbert. "The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century." American Political Science Review 86:4 (Dec 1992): 1028-1034.The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century
– Huntington, Samuel P. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late 20th Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993.Between 1974 and 1990 more than thirty countries in southern Europe, Latin America, East Asia, and Eastern Europe shifted from authoritarian to democratic systems of government. This global… More
Democracy’s Third Wave
– Schmitter, Philippe C. "Democracy's Third Wave." The Review of Politics 55:2 (Spring 1993): 348-351.The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century
– Shapiro, Ian. "The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century." World Politics 46:1 (October 1993): 121-150.Why International Primacy Matters
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Why International Primacy Matters." International Security v. 17, n. 4 (1993): 68-83.Does international primacy matter? The answer seems so obvious that one first wonders why someone as intelligent, perceptive, and knowledgeable as Robert Jervis raises the question. On… More
Understanding Political Development
– Weiner, Myron and Samuel P. Huntington. Understanding Political Development. Boston: Waveland Press, 1994.The central concern of the essays in this exceptional volume is whether the various theories and concepts that scholars have invented for understanding the enormous political changes that… More
Democratic Transitions in Comparative Perspective
– Munck, Gerardo. "Democratic Transitions in Comparative Perspective." Comparative Politics 26:3 (Apr. 1994): 355-375.“The surge of democratic governments, starting in 1974 and continuing through the early 1990s is probably the political sign of our time. The political changes entailed, if broadly… More
The Tide Underneath the ‘Third Wave’
– Rowen, Henry. "The Tide Underneath the 'Third Wave'." Journal of Democracy 6:1 (Jan 1995): 52-64.“The collapse of the socialist model, the increase in the number of democracies throughout the world, and the growing influence of East Asia have made the relative prospects of… More
Democratic Consolidations: Some Broad Comparisons and Sweeping Arguments
– Schneider, Ben Ross. "Democratic Consolidations: Some Broad Comparisons and Sweeping Arguments." Latin American Research Review 30:2 (Spring 1995): 215-234.“These four ambitious books address similar concerns and raise several questions in common. First, they move beyond the analysis of transitions to democracy to focus on consolidation.… More
The Clash of Civilizations
– Huntington, Samuel. The Clash of Civilizations: and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996.The classic study of post-Cold War international relations, more relevant than ever in the post-9/11 world, with a new foreword by Zbigniew Brzezinski. Since its initial publication, The… More
Democracy for the Long Haul
– Huntington, Samuel P. "Democracy for the Long Haul." Journal of Democracy v. 7, n. 2 (1996): 3-13.I was last in Taipei in January 1989, participating in a conference on political change in Taiwan co-sponsored by the Institute of International Relations of National Chengchi University… More
Political Order in Changing Societies by Francis Fukuyama
– Fukuyama, Francis. "Political Order in Changing Societies." Foreign Affairs 76:5 (Sept/Oct 1997): 215-216.“Huntington’s foundational work on political development was controversial when it first appeared, in the midst of the Vietnam War, because it argued that order itself was an… More
After Twenty Years: The Future of the Third Wave
– Huntington, Samuel P. "After Twenty Years: The Future of the Third Wave." Journal of Democracy v. 8, n. 4 (1997): 3-12.Some five hundred years ago a small group of Portuguese leaders and thinkers — including King John II, Prince Henry the Navigator, Bartholomew Dias, and Vasco da Gama — acting… More
Remaking the World by Sandra Buckley
– Buckley, Sandra. "Remaking the World: Reflections on Huntington's Clash of Civilizations." Theory & Event, 2:4 (1998): 1-24.“I was having a great deal of trouble trying to identify for myself what I wanted to say in this essay and in frustration I took a day off and went to visit the Monterey Aquarium with… More
From Modernization Theory Towards the ‘Clash of Civilizations’: Directions and Paradigm Shifts in Samuel Huntington’s Analysis and Prognosis of Global Development
– Kreutzmann, Hermann. "From Modernization Theory Towards the 'Clash of Civilizations': Directions and Paradigm Shifts in Samuel Huntington's Analysis and Prognosis of Global Development." GeoJournal, 46:4 (1998): 255-265.This paper critically discusses Samuel Huntington’s contribution to development studies. Long before his currently debated work on the clash of civilizations, Huntington wrote on the… More
The Lonely Superpower
– Huntington, Samuel P. "The Lonely Superpower." Foreign Affairs v. 78, n. 2 (1999): 35.During the past decade global politics has changed fundamentally in two ways. First, it has been substantially reconfigured along cultural and civilizational lines, as I have highlighted in… More
Globalization and Political Strategy
– Jameson, Fredric. "Globalization and Political Strategy." New Left Review 4 (2000): 49-68.Attempts to define globalization often seem little better than so many ideological appropriations—discussions not of the process itself, but of its effects, good or bad: judgements, in… More
Looking the World in the Eye by Robert D. Kaplan
– Kaplan, Robert. "Looking the World in the Eye." The Atlantic 288:5 (Dec. 2001): 68-82.Excerpt: The most memorable review that Samuel Phillips Huntington, the Albert J. Weatherhead III University Professor at Harvard, ever got was a bad one. “Imagine,” Huntington… More
Samuel Huntingtons demokratische Wellen — viel Lärm um Gischt? [Samuel Huntington’s Democratic Waves: Much Ado about Spray
– Zimmerling, Ruth. "Samuel Huntingtons demokratische Wellen — viel Lärm um Gischt? [Samuel Huntington’s Democratic Waves: Much Ado about Spray." Politische Vierteljahresschrift 44:2 (June 2003): 196-216.“In this paper I will take a critical look at the state of knowledge about prerequisites of democracy within the academic discipline of political science. I will argue that over the… More
Can a Global Peace Last Even If Achieved? Huntington and the Democratic Peace
– Xenias, Anastasia. "Can a Global Peace Last Even If Achieved? Huntington and the Democratic Peace." International Studies Review 7:3 (Sep. 2005), 357-386.Current events have surfaced new challenges in the international state system. These are alternatively characterized as state versus substate conflicts, religious conflicts or the outgrowth… More
The Future of Freedom: Illiberal democracy at home and abroad
– Zakaria, Fareed. The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad. New York: Norton & Co, 2007.Translated into twenty languages The Future of Freedom is a modern classic that uses historical analysis to shed light on the present, examining how democracy has changed our politics,… More
Islamic Fatalism and the Clash of Civilizations: An Appraisal of a Contentious and Dubious Theory
– Acevedo, Gabriel. "Islamic Fatalism and the Clash of Civilizations: An Appraisal of a Contentious and Dubious Theory." Social Forces, 86:4 (June 2008): 1711-1752.This paper will address the question of Islamic fatalism. Survey data will be used to assess Samuel P. Huntington’s controversial “Clash of Civilizations” thesis and its emphasis… More
A Scholar and a Gentleman
– Desch, Michael. "A Scholar and a Gentleman," American Conservative 8:2 (Jan. 26, 2009): 25-26.Samuel Huntington died on Christmas Eve at age 81 after a long and slow decline. We have lost not only an astute public intellectual but a fine man. Fortunately, he left a rich legacy:… More
How Countries Democratize
– Huntington, Samuel P. "How Countries Democratize." Political Science Quarterly v. 124, n. 1 (2009): 31.Between 1974 and 1990 more than thirty countries in southern Europe, Latin America, East Asia, and Eastern Europe shifted from authoritarian to democratic systems of government. This… More
A Celebration of the Life and Thought of Samuel P. Huntington
From a panel sponsored by the National Endowment for Democracy. As was confirmed by the many tributes that marked his passing on December 24, Samuel P. Huntington was one of the greatest… More
Harvard Kennedy School Forum: The Legacy of Sam Huntington
Political pundits and professors commemorate the late political scientist Samuel P. Huntington. .A panel of Huntington’s former students including CNN host and Time Magazine editor Fareed… More
Political Utilisation of Scholarly Ideas: the ‘Clash of Civilisations’ vs. ‘Soft Power’ in US Foreign Policy
– Erikkson, Johan and Ludvig Norman, "Political Utilisation of Scholarly Ideas: the 'Clash of Civilisations' vs. 'Soft Power' in US Foreign Policy." Review of International Studies 37:1 (Jan. 2011): 417-436.This article discusses how and under what conditions ideas coming from International Relations (IR) scholarship are used in foreign policy. We argue that the focus on policy relevance,… More
Samuel Huntington’s Legacy
– Fukuyama, Francis. "Samuel Huntington’s Legacy." Foreign Policy, Jan 5, 2011.Of all of Samuel Huntington’s contributions to the study of politics, the most important was his 1968 work Political Order in Changing Societies. This book was probably the last major… More
Samuel Huntington’s Clash of Civilizations or Francis Fukuyama’s End of History?
In this 1992 lecture at the American Enterprise institute a young Francis Fukuyama best known as the author of The End of History and the Last Man challenges his former professor Samuel P.… More
Is the Arab Spring in the Third Wave of Democratization? The Case of Syria and Egypt
– Sarihan, Ali. "Is the Arab Spring in the Third Wave of Democratization? The Case of Syria and Egypt." Turkish Journal of Politics 3.1 (Summer 2012): 67-85.In this paper, I will analyze the participation of Egypt and Syria in the Arab Spring using Huntington’s theory of third wave democratization. I will begin this examination with a brief… More
Tracks of the Third Wave: Democracy Theory, Democratisation and the Dilemma of Political Succession in Africa
– Nwosu, Bernard Ugochukwu. "Tracks of the Third Wave: Democracy Theory, Democratisation and the Dilemma of Political Succession in Africa." Review of African Political Economy 39:131 (2012): 11-25.The sweep of the third-wave moment of democratic impulses through Africa saw mass movements against authoritarian rule and the demand for liberalisation of political spaces. Ruling-group… More
The End of the Transitions Era? by Marc Plattner
– Plattner, Marc F. "The End of the Transitions Era?" Journal of Democracy, 25:3 (Jul. 2014): 5-16.The year 2014 contains two anniversaries of great significance in the history of democracy. Global attention will no doubt focus primarily on the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Revolutions… More
The Huntington Legacy in Political Development
Francis Fukuyama, Senior Fellow at the Center on Democracy, Development and the Rule of Law at Stanford University, delivered the 2014 Edwin L. Godkin lecture at the JFK Jr. Forum. Fukuyama… More