Larson, Arthur. "Military professionalism and civil control: a comparative analysis of two interpretations." Journal of Political and Military Sociology 2 (Spring 1974):  57-72.

“The steps taken to strengthen civil control after World War II emphasized external administrative and political arrangements. In contrast, Samuel Huntington and Morris Janowitz focused on the internal controls provided by military professionalism. Huntington proposed a politically neutral profession, isolated from society and concerned with the efficient achievement of victory without regard to nonmilitary considerations. Janowitz proposed a politically sensitive profession integrated with the society and concerned with the measured use of force to achieve viable international relations. Huntington’s professionalism reflected the radical tradition of U.S. military professionalism, the result of the reaction of the officer corps against civil control, while Janowitz’s professionalism reflected the dominant pragmatic tradition, the product of the adaptation of the officer corps to civil control. Janowitz’s pragmatic professionalism is the more desirable form for meeting the difficult civil-military relations problems of the post-Viet Nam war period. Institutional changes to achieve pragmatic professionalism must be made with caution, however, for an overemphasis on political sensitivity and integration with the society would undermine the professional detachment of the officer corps and encourage political activism.”

– Abstract

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