Tag: Authoritarianism

Topics

Books

Political Development and Political Decay

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Political Development and Political Decay." World Politics v. 17 (3) (1965): 386-430.
“Among the laws that rule human societies,” de Tocqueville said, “there is one which seems to be more precise and clear than all others. If men are to remain civilized or… More

The Political Modernization of Traditional Monarchies

– Huntington, Samuel P. "The Political Modernization of Traditional Monarchies." Daedalus v. 95, n. 3 (1966): 763-788.
“The withering away of European colonial empires has virtually eliminated what was widely believed to be a highly anachronistic type of political order. There still remain, however,… More

Political Development and the Decline of the American System of World Order

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Political Development and the Decline of the American System of World Order." Daedalus  v. 96, n. 3 (1967): 927-929.
“By the year 2000 it should be clear retrospectively that the dominant feature of international politics during the thirty years after WWII was neither the East-West confrontation… More

Political Order in Changing Societies

– Huntington, Samuel P. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968.
Huntington’s foundational work on political development was controversial when it first appeared, in the midst of the Vietnam War, because it argued that order itself was an important… More

Comparative History and the Theory of Modernization

– Salamon, Lester. "Comparative History and the Theory of Modernization." World Politics 23 (Oct. 1970): 83-103.
“One of the sorest needs in the social sciences is for clear and concise conceptual equipment to give structure to disciplines and order to the range of hypotheses these disciplines… More

Foreign Aid for What and for Whom

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Foreign Aid for What and for Whom." Foreign Policy v. 1 (1970): 161-189.
“Foreign Aid: Billions in Search of a Good Reason” was the title of a 1963 Fortune article by Charles J. V. Murphy. Seven years later, the billions may be fewer in number, but… More

Why “Foreign Policy”?

– Huntington, Samuel P. and Warren Demian Manshel. "Why "Foreign Policy"?" Foreign Policy v. 1 (1970): 3-5.

Foreign Aid for What and for Whom (II)

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Foreign Aid for What and for Whom (II)." Foreign Policy v. 2 (1971): 114-134.
“The year 1971 could be an historic one for US foreign aid. Congress and the President have the opportunity this year to make fundamental innovations. The effort is timely, for many… More

The Change to Change: Modernization, Development, and Politics

– Huntington, Samuel P. "The Change to Change: Modernization, Development, and Politics." Comparative Politics v. 3 n. 3 (1971): 283-322.
It was not until the mid-1950s that a renaissance in the study of comparative politics got under way. Concern with modernization and the comparison of modern and traditional political… More

Order or Movement?: The Literature of Political Development as Ideology

– Kessleman, Mark. "Order or Movement?: The Literature of Political Development as Ideology." World Politics 26 (Oct  1973): 139-154.
“The term ‘political development’ originated during the cold war. After WWII, the prevalent attitude in the United States toward the Third World resembled that toward… More

Institutionalization and political development: a conceptual and theoretical analysis

– Ben-Dor, Gabriel. "Institutionalization and political development: a conceptual and theoretical analysis." Comparative Studies in Society and History 17 (Jul. 1975): 309-325.
“In recent years, institutionalization has become one of the key concepts in comparative politics in general, and in the study of political development in particular. This elegant and… More

No Easy Choice, Political Participation in Developing Countries

– Huntington, Samuel P and Joan Nelson. No Easy Choice, Political Participation in Developing Countries. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976.
“Two leading writers on the processes of political development present a lucid analysis of the growth and desirability of political participation in developing countries and the ways… More

The Institutional Myth: Huntington’s Order Revisited

– Groth, Alexander. "The Institutional Myth: Huntington's Order Revisited." The Review of Politics 41 (Apr. 1979): 203-234.
Among influential writers in the field of political development and comparative politics in the last two decades few have excelled Samuel P. Huntington. With a prudent economy of basic… More

Reform and Stability in South Africa

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Reform and Stability in South Africa." International Security v. 6, n. 4 (1982): 3-25.
“Multi-ethnic or multi-racial systems can be classified as vertical or hierarchical, on the one hand, and horizontal or parallel on the other. In a vertical or hierarchical system,… More

The Varieties of Revolution

– Dix, Robert. "The Varieties of Revolution." Comparative Politics 15:3 (Apr 1983): 281-294.
“In his Political Order in Changing Societies Samuel Huntington delineated two types of revolutions or revolutionary processes, the Western and the Eastern. Huntington argues, along… More

Will More Countries Become Democratic?

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Will More Countries Become Democratic?" Political Science Quarterly v. 99, n. 2 (1984): 193-218.
What are the prospects for the emergence of more democratic regimes in the world? This question has intellectual and policy relevance for the 1980s. During the 1950s and early 1960s,… More

Global Dilemmas

– Eds. Huntington, Samuel and Joseph Nye. Global Dilemmas. Cambridge: Center for International Affairs at Harvard University, 1985.
This collection, marking the 25th anniversary of Harvard’s Center for International Affairs, represents central issues for research in international affairs during this decade. Some… More

Democracy’s Third Wave

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Democracy’s Third Wave." Journal of Democracy, v. 2, n. 2 (1991): 12-34.
Between 1974 and 1990, at least 30 countries made transitions to democracy, just about doubling the number of democratic governments in the world. Were these democratizations part of a… More

The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century

– Huntington, Samuel P. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late 20th Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993.
Between 1974 and 1990 more than thirty countries in southern Europe, Latin America, East Asia, and Eastern Europe shifted from authoritarian to democratic systems of government. This global… More

Democracy’s Third Wave

– Schmitter, Philippe C. "Democracy's Third Wave." The Review of Politics 55:2 (Spring 1993): 348-351.

Democratic Transitions in Comparative Perspective

– Munck, Gerardo. "Democratic Transitions in Comparative Perspective." Comparative Politics 26:3 (Apr. 1994): 355-375.
“The surge of democratic governments, starting in 1974 and continuing through the early 1990s is probably the political sign of our time. The political changes entailed, if broadly… More

The Tide Underneath the ‘Third Wave’

– Rowen, Henry. "The Tide Underneath the 'Third Wave'." Journal of Democracy 6:1 (Jan 1995): 52-64.
“The collapse of the socialist model, the increase in the number of democracies throughout the world, and the growing influence of East Asia have made the relative prospects of… More

Democratic Consolidations: Some Broad Comparisons and Sweeping Arguments

– Schneider, Ben Ross. "Democratic Consolidations: Some Broad Comparisons and Sweeping Arguments." Latin American Research Review 30:2 (Spring 1995): 215-234.
“These four ambitious books address similar concerns and raise several questions in common. First, they move beyond the analysis of transitions to democracy to focus on consolidation.… More

The Clash of Civilizations

– Huntington, Samuel. The Clash of Civilizations: and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996.
The classic study of post-Cold War international relations, more relevant than ever in the post-9/11 world, with a new foreword by Zbigniew Brzezinski. Since its initial publication, The… More

Democracy for the Long Haul

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Democracy for the Long Haul." Journal of Democracy v. 7, n. 2 (1996): 3-13.
I was last in Taipei in January 1989, participating in a conference on political change in Taiwan co-sponsored by the Institute of International Relations of National Chengchi University… More

Political Order in Changing Societies by Francis Fukuyama

– Fukuyama, Francis. "Political Order in Changing Societies." Foreign Affairs 76:5 (Sept/Oct 1997): 215-216.
“Huntington’s foundational work on political development was controversial when it first appeared, in the midst of the Vietnam War, because it argued that order itself was an… More

After Twenty Years: The Future of the Third Wave

– Huntington, Samuel P. "After Twenty Years: The Future of the Third Wave." Journal of Democracy v. 8, n. 4 (1997): 3-12.
Some five hundred years ago a small group of Portuguese leaders and thinkers — including King John II, Prince Henry the Navigator, Bartholomew Dias, and Vasco da Gama — acting… More

Remaking the World by Sandra Buckley

– Buckley, Sandra. "Remaking the World: Reflections on Huntington's Clash of Civilizations." Theory & Event, 2:4 (1998): 1-24.
“I was having a great deal of trouble trying to identify for myself what I wanted to say in this essay and in frustration I took a day off and went to visit the Monterey Aquarium with… More

From Modernization Theory Towards the ‘Clash of Civilizations’: Directions and Paradigm Shifts in Samuel Huntington’s Analysis and Prognosis of Global Development

– Kreutzmann, Hermann. "From Modernization Theory Towards the 'Clash of Civilizations': Directions and Paradigm Shifts in Samuel Huntington's Analysis and Prognosis of Global Development." GeoJournal, 46:4 (1998): 255-265.
This paper critically discusses Samuel Huntington’s contribution to development studies. Long before his currently debated work on the clash of civilizations, Huntington wrote on the… More

Globalization and Political Strategy

– Jameson, Fredric. "Globalization and Political Strategy." New Left Review 4 (2000): 49-68.
Attempts to define globalization often seem little better than so many ideological appropriations—discussions not of the process itself, but of its effects, good or bad: judgements, in… More

Samuel Huntingtons demokratische Wellen — viel Lärm um Gischt? [Samuel Huntington’s Democratic Waves: Much Ado about Spray

– Zimmerling, Ruth. "Samuel Huntingtons demokratische Wellen — viel Lärm um Gischt? [Samuel Huntington’s Democratic Waves: Much Ado about Spray." Politische Vierteljahresschrift 44:2 (June 2003): 196-216.
“In this paper I will take a critical look at the state of knowledge about prerequisites of democracy within the academic discipline of political science. I will argue that over the… More

Can a Global Peace Last Even If Achieved? Huntington and the Democratic Peace

– Xenias, Anastasia. "Can a Global Peace Last Even If Achieved? Huntington and the Democratic Peace." International Studies Review 7:3 (Sep. 2005), 357-386.
Current events have surfaced new challenges in the international state system. These are alternatively characterized as state versus substate conflicts, religious conflicts or the outgrowth… More

The Future of Freedom: Illiberal democracy at home and abroad

– Zakaria, Fareed. The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad. New York: Norton & Co, 2007.
Translated into twenty languages The Future of Freedom is a modern classic that uses historical analysis to shed light on the present, examining how democracy has changed our politics,… More

How Countries Democratize

– Huntington, Samuel P. "How Countries Democratize." Political Science Quarterly v. 124, n. 1 (2009): 31.
Between 1974 and 1990 more than thirty countries in southern Europe, Latin America, East Asia, and Eastern Europe shifted from authoritarian to democratic systems of government. This… More

Is the Arab Spring in the Third Wave of Democratization? The Case of Syria and Egypt

– Sarihan, Ali. "Is the Arab Spring in the Third Wave of Democratization? The Case of Syria and Egypt." Turkish Journal of Politics 3.1 (Summer 2012): 67-85.
In this paper, I will analyze the participation of Egypt and Syria in the Arab Spring using Huntington’s theory of third wave democratization. I will begin this examination with a brief… More

Tracks of the Third Wave: Democracy Theory, Democratisation and the Dilemma of Political Succession in Africa

– Nwosu, Bernard Ugochukwu. "Tracks of the Third Wave: Democracy Theory, Democratisation and the Dilemma of Political Succession in Africa." Review of African Political Economy 39:131 (2012): 11-25.
The sweep of the third-wave moment of democratic impulses through Africa saw mass movements against authoritarian rule and the demand for liberalisation of political spaces. Ruling-group… More

The End of the Transitions Era? by Marc Plattner

– Plattner, Marc F. "The End of the Transitions Era?" Journal of Democracy, 25:3 (Jul. 2014): 5-16.
The year 2014 contains two anniversaries of great significance in the history of democracy. Global attention will no doubt focus primarily on the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Revolutions… More

Essays

Political Development and Political Decay

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Political Development and Political Decay." World Politics v. 17 (3) (1965): 386-430.
“Among the laws that rule human societies,” de Tocqueville said, “there is one which seems to be more precise and clear than all others. If men are to remain civilized or… More

The Political Modernization of Traditional Monarchies

– Huntington, Samuel P. "The Political Modernization of Traditional Monarchies." Daedalus v. 95, n. 3 (1966): 763-788.
“The withering away of European colonial empires has virtually eliminated what was widely believed to be a highly anachronistic type of political order. There still remain, however,… More

Political Development and the Decline of the American System of World Order

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Political Development and the Decline of the American System of World Order." Daedalus  v. 96, n. 3 (1967): 927-929.
“By the year 2000 it should be clear retrospectively that the dominant feature of international politics during the thirty years after WWII was neither the East-West confrontation… More

Political Order in Changing Societies

– Huntington, Samuel P. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968.
Huntington’s foundational work on political development was controversial when it first appeared, in the midst of the Vietnam War, because it argued that order itself was an important… More

Comparative History and the Theory of Modernization

– Salamon, Lester. "Comparative History and the Theory of Modernization." World Politics 23 (Oct. 1970): 83-103.
“One of the sorest needs in the social sciences is for clear and concise conceptual equipment to give structure to disciplines and order to the range of hypotheses these disciplines… More

Foreign Aid for What and for Whom

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Foreign Aid for What and for Whom." Foreign Policy v. 1 (1970): 161-189.
“Foreign Aid: Billions in Search of a Good Reason” was the title of a 1963 Fortune article by Charles J. V. Murphy. Seven years later, the billions may be fewer in number, but… More

Why “Foreign Policy”?

– Huntington, Samuel P. and Warren Demian Manshel. "Why "Foreign Policy"?" Foreign Policy v. 1 (1970): 3-5.

Foreign Aid for What and for Whom (II)

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Foreign Aid for What and for Whom (II)." Foreign Policy v. 2 (1971): 114-134.
“The year 1971 could be an historic one for US foreign aid. Congress and the President have the opportunity this year to make fundamental innovations. The effort is timely, for many… More

The Change to Change: Modernization, Development, and Politics

– Huntington, Samuel P. "The Change to Change: Modernization, Development, and Politics." Comparative Politics v. 3 n. 3 (1971): 283-322.
It was not until the mid-1950s that a renaissance in the study of comparative politics got under way. Concern with modernization and the comparison of modern and traditional political… More

Order or Movement?: The Literature of Political Development as Ideology

– Kessleman, Mark. "Order or Movement?: The Literature of Political Development as Ideology." World Politics 26 (Oct  1973): 139-154.
“The term ‘political development’ originated during the cold war. After WWII, the prevalent attitude in the United States toward the Third World resembled that toward… More

Institutionalization and political development: a conceptual and theoretical analysis

– Ben-Dor, Gabriel. "Institutionalization and political development: a conceptual and theoretical analysis." Comparative Studies in Society and History 17 (Jul. 1975): 309-325.
“In recent years, institutionalization has become one of the key concepts in comparative politics in general, and in the study of political development in particular. This elegant and… More

No Easy Choice, Political Participation in Developing Countries

– Huntington, Samuel P and Joan Nelson. No Easy Choice, Political Participation in Developing Countries. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976.
“Two leading writers on the processes of political development present a lucid analysis of the growth and desirability of political participation in developing countries and the ways… More

The Institutional Myth: Huntington’s Order Revisited

– Groth, Alexander. "The Institutional Myth: Huntington's Order Revisited." The Review of Politics 41 (Apr. 1979): 203-234.
Among influential writers in the field of political development and comparative politics in the last two decades few have excelled Samuel P. Huntington. With a prudent economy of basic… More

Reform and Stability in South Africa

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Reform and Stability in South Africa." International Security v. 6, n. 4 (1982): 3-25.
“Multi-ethnic or multi-racial systems can be classified as vertical or hierarchical, on the one hand, and horizontal or parallel on the other. In a vertical or hierarchical system,… More

The Varieties of Revolution

– Dix, Robert. "The Varieties of Revolution." Comparative Politics 15:3 (Apr 1983): 281-294.
“In his Political Order in Changing Societies Samuel Huntington delineated two types of revolutions or revolutionary processes, the Western and the Eastern. Huntington argues, along… More

Will More Countries Become Democratic?

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Will More Countries Become Democratic?" Political Science Quarterly v. 99, n. 2 (1984): 193-218.
What are the prospects for the emergence of more democratic regimes in the world? This question has intellectual and policy relevance for the 1980s. During the 1950s and early 1960s,… More

Global Dilemmas

– Eds. Huntington, Samuel and Joseph Nye. Global Dilemmas. Cambridge: Center for International Affairs at Harvard University, 1985.
This collection, marking the 25th anniversary of Harvard’s Center for International Affairs, represents central issues for research in international affairs during this decade. Some… More

Democracy’s Third Wave

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Democracy’s Third Wave." Journal of Democracy, v. 2, n. 2 (1991): 12-34.
Between 1974 and 1990, at least 30 countries made transitions to democracy, just about doubling the number of democratic governments in the world. Were these democratizations part of a… More

The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century

– Huntington, Samuel P. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late 20th Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993.
Between 1974 and 1990 more than thirty countries in southern Europe, Latin America, East Asia, and Eastern Europe shifted from authoritarian to democratic systems of government. This global… More

Democracy’s Third Wave

– Schmitter, Philippe C. "Democracy's Third Wave." The Review of Politics 55:2 (Spring 1993): 348-351.

Democratic Transitions in Comparative Perspective

– Munck, Gerardo. "Democratic Transitions in Comparative Perspective." Comparative Politics 26:3 (Apr. 1994): 355-375.
“The surge of democratic governments, starting in 1974 and continuing through the early 1990s is probably the political sign of our time. The political changes entailed, if broadly… More

The Tide Underneath the ‘Third Wave’

– Rowen, Henry. "The Tide Underneath the 'Third Wave'." Journal of Democracy 6:1 (Jan 1995): 52-64.
“The collapse of the socialist model, the increase in the number of democracies throughout the world, and the growing influence of East Asia have made the relative prospects of… More

Democratic Consolidations: Some Broad Comparisons and Sweeping Arguments

– Schneider, Ben Ross. "Democratic Consolidations: Some Broad Comparisons and Sweeping Arguments." Latin American Research Review 30:2 (Spring 1995): 215-234.
“These four ambitious books address similar concerns and raise several questions in common. First, they move beyond the analysis of transitions to democracy to focus on consolidation.… More

The Clash of Civilizations

– Huntington, Samuel. The Clash of Civilizations: and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996.
The classic study of post-Cold War international relations, more relevant than ever in the post-9/11 world, with a new foreword by Zbigniew Brzezinski. Since its initial publication, The… More

Democracy for the Long Haul

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Democracy for the Long Haul." Journal of Democracy v. 7, n. 2 (1996): 3-13.
I was last in Taipei in January 1989, participating in a conference on political change in Taiwan co-sponsored by the Institute of International Relations of National Chengchi University… More

Political Order in Changing Societies by Francis Fukuyama

– Fukuyama, Francis. "Political Order in Changing Societies." Foreign Affairs 76:5 (Sept/Oct 1997): 215-216.
“Huntington’s foundational work on political development was controversial when it first appeared, in the midst of the Vietnam War, because it argued that order itself was an… More

After Twenty Years: The Future of the Third Wave

– Huntington, Samuel P. "After Twenty Years: The Future of the Third Wave." Journal of Democracy v. 8, n. 4 (1997): 3-12.
Some five hundred years ago a small group of Portuguese leaders and thinkers — including King John II, Prince Henry the Navigator, Bartholomew Dias, and Vasco da Gama — acting… More

Remaking the World by Sandra Buckley

– Buckley, Sandra. "Remaking the World: Reflections on Huntington's Clash of Civilizations." Theory & Event, 2:4 (1998): 1-24.
“I was having a great deal of trouble trying to identify for myself what I wanted to say in this essay and in frustration I took a day off and went to visit the Monterey Aquarium with… More

From Modernization Theory Towards the ‘Clash of Civilizations’: Directions and Paradigm Shifts in Samuel Huntington’s Analysis and Prognosis of Global Development

– Kreutzmann, Hermann. "From Modernization Theory Towards the 'Clash of Civilizations': Directions and Paradigm Shifts in Samuel Huntington's Analysis and Prognosis of Global Development." GeoJournal, 46:4 (1998): 255-265.
This paper critically discusses Samuel Huntington’s contribution to development studies. Long before his currently debated work on the clash of civilizations, Huntington wrote on the… More

Globalization and Political Strategy

– Jameson, Fredric. "Globalization and Political Strategy." New Left Review 4 (2000): 49-68.
Attempts to define globalization often seem little better than so many ideological appropriations—discussions not of the process itself, but of its effects, good or bad: judgements, in… More

Samuel Huntingtons demokratische Wellen — viel Lärm um Gischt? [Samuel Huntington’s Democratic Waves: Much Ado about Spray

– Zimmerling, Ruth. "Samuel Huntingtons demokratische Wellen — viel Lärm um Gischt? [Samuel Huntington’s Democratic Waves: Much Ado about Spray." Politische Vierteljahresschrift 44:2 (June 2003): 196-216.
“In this paper I will take a critical look at the state of knowledge about prerequisites of democracy within the academic discipline of political science. I will argue that over the… More

Can a Global Peace Last Even If Achieved? Huntington and the Democratic Peace

– Xenias, Anastasia. "Can a Global Peace Last Even If Achieved? Huntington and the Democratic Peace." International Studies Review 7:3 (Sep. 2005), 357-386.
Current events have surfaced new challenges in the international state system. These are alternatively characterized as state versus substate conflicts, religious conflicts or the outgrowth… More

The Future of Freedom: Illiberal democracy at home and abroad

– Zakaria, Fareed. The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad. New York: Norton & Co, 2007.
Translated into twenty languages The Future of Freedom is a modern classic that uses historical analysis to shed light on the present, examining how democracy has changed our politics,… More

How Countries Democratize

– Huntington, Samuel P. "How Countries Democratize." Political Science Quarterly v. 124, n. 1 (2009): 31.
Between 1974 and 1990 more than thirty countries in southern Europe, Latin America, East Asia, and Eastern Europe shifted from authoritarian to democratic systems of government. This… More

Is the Arab Spring in the Third Wave of Democratization? The Case of Syria and Egypt

– Sarihan, Ali. "Is the Arab Spring in the Third Wave of Democratization? The Case of Syria and Egypt." Turkish Journal of Politics 3.1 (Summer 2012): 67-85.
In this paper, I will analyze the participation of Egypt and Syria in the Arab Spring using Huntington’s theory of third wave democratization. I will begin this examination with a brief… More

Tracks of the Third Wave: Democracy Theory, Democratisation and the Dilemma of Political Succession in Africa

– Nwosu, Bernard Ugochukwu. "Tracks of the Third Wave: Democracy Theory, Democratisation and the Dilemma of Political Succession in Africa." Review of African Political Economy 39:131 (2012): 11-25.
The sweep of the third-wave moment of democratic impulses through Africa saw mass movements against authoritarian rule and the demand for liberalisation of political spaces. Ruling-group… More

The End of the Transitions Era? by Marc Plattner

– Plattner, Marc F. "The End of the Transitions Era?" Journal of Democracy, 25:3 (Jul. 2014): 5-16.
The year 2014 contains two anniversaries of great significance in the history of democracy. Global attention will no doubt focus primarily on the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Revolutions… More

Commentary

Political Development and Political Decay

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Political Development and Political Decay." World Politics v. 17 (3) (1965): 386-430.
“Among the laws that rule human societies,” de Tocqueville said, “there is one which seems to be more precise and clear than all others. If men are to remain civilized or… More

The Political Modernization of Traditional Monarchies

– Huntington, Samuel P. "The Political Modernization of Traditional Monarchies." Daedalus v. 95, n. 3 (1966): 763-788.
“The withering away of European colonial empires has virtually eliminated what was widely believed to be a highly anachronistic type of political order. There still remain, however,… More

Political Development and the Decline of the American System of World Order

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Political Development and the Decline of the American System of World Order." Daedalus  v. 96, n. 3 (1967): 927-929.
“By the year 2000 it should be clear retrospectively that the dominant feature of international politics during the thirty years after WWII was neither the East-West confrontation… More

Political Order in Changing Societies

– Huntington, Samuel P. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968.
Huntington’s foundational work on political development was controversial when it first appeared, in the midst of the Vietnam War, because it argued that order itself was an important… More

Comparative History and the Theory of Modernization

– Salamon, Lester. "Comparative History and the Theory of Modernization." World Politics 23 (Oct. 1970): 83-103.
“One of the sorest needs in the social sciences is for clear and concise conceptual equipment to give structure to disciplines and order to the range of hypotheses these disciplines… More

Foreign Aid for What and for Whom

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Foreign Aid for What and for Whom." Foreign Policy v. 1 (1970): 161-189.
“Foreign Aid: Billions in Search of a Good Reason” was the title of a 1963 Fortune article by Charles J. V. Murphy. Seven years later, the billions may be fewer in number, but… More

Why “Foreign Policy”?

– Huntington, Samuel P. and Warren Demian Manshel. "Why "Foreign Policy"?" Foreign Policy v. 1 (1970): 3-5.

Foreign Aid for What and for Whom (II)

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Foreign Aid for What and for Whom (II)." Foreign Policy v. 2 (1971): 114-134.
“The year 1971 could be an historic one for US foreign aid. Congress and the President have the opportunity this year to make fundamental innovations. The effort is timely, for many… More

The Change to Change: Modernization, Development, and Politics

– Huntington, Samuel P. "The Change to Change: Modernization, Development, and Politics." Comparative Politics v. 3 n. 3 (1971): 283-322.
It was not until the mid-1950s that a renaissance in the study of comparative politics got under way. Concern with modernization and the comparison of modern and traditional political… More

Order or Movement?: The Literature of Political Development as Ideology

– Kessleman, Mark. "Order or Movement?: The Literature of Political Development as Ideology." World Politics 26 (Oct  1973): 139-154.
“The term ‘political development’ originated during the cold war. After WWII, the prevalent attitude in the United States toward the Third World resembled that toward… More

Institutionalization and political development: a conceptual and theoretical analysis

– Ben-Dor, Gabriel. "Institutionalization and political development: a conceptual and theoretical analysis." Comparative Studies in Society and History 17 (Jul. 1975): 309-325.
“In recent years, institutionalization has become one of the key concepts in comparative politics in general, and in the study of political development in particular. This elegant and… More

No Easy Choice, Political Participation in Developing Countries

– Huntington, Samuel P and Joan Nelson. No Easy Choice, Political Participation in Developing Countries. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976.
“Two leading writers on the processes of political development present a lucid analysis of the growth and desirability of political participation in developing countries and the ways… More

The Institutional Myth: Huntington’s Order Revisited

– Groth, Alexander. "The Institutional Myth: Huntington's Order Revisited." The Review of Politics 41 (Apr. 1979): 203-234.
Among influential writers in the field of political development and comparative politics in the last two decades few have excelled Samuel P. Huntington. With a prudent economy of basic… More

Reform and Stability in South Africa

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Reform and Stability in South Africa." International Security v. 6, n. 4 (1982): 3-25.
“Multi-ethnic or multi-racial systems can be classified as vertical or hierarchical, on the one hand, and horizontal or parallel on the other. In a vertical or hierarchical system,… More

The Varieties of Revolution

– Dix, Robert. "The Varieties of Revolution." Comparative Politics 15:3 (Apr 1983): 281-294.
“In his Political Order in Changing Societies Samuel Huntington delineated two types of revolutions or revolutionary processes, the Western and the Eastern. Huntington argues, along… More

Will More Countries Become Democratic?

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Will More Countries Become Democratic?" Political Science Quarterly v. 99, n. 2 (1984): 193-218.
What are the prospects for the emergence of more democratic regimes in the world? This question has intellectual and policy relevance for the 1980s. During the 1950s and early 1960s,… More

Global Dilemmas

– Eds. Huntington, Samuel and Joseph Nye. Global Dilemmas. Cambridge: Center for International Affairs at Harvard University, 1985.
This collection, marking the 25th anniversary of Harvard’s Center for International Affairs, represents central issues for research in international affairs during this decade. Some… More

Democracy’s Third Wave

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Democracy’s Third Wave." Journal of Democracy, v. 2, n. 2 (1991): 12-34.
Between 1974 and 1990, at least 30 countries made transitions to democracy, just about doubling the number of democratic governments in the world. Were these democratizations part of a… More

The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century

– Huntington, Samuel P. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late 20th Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993.
Between 1974 and 1990 more than thirty countries in southern Europe, Latin America, East Asia, and Eastern Europe shifted from authoritarian to democratic systems of government. This global… More

Democracy’s Third Wave

– Schmitter, Philippe C. "Democracy's Third Wave." The Review of Politics 55:2 (Spring 1993): 348-351.

Democratic Transitions in Comparative Perspective

– Munck, Gerardo. "Democratic Transitions in Comparative Perspective." Comparative Politics 26:3 (Apr. 1994): 355-375.
“The surge of democratic governments, starting in 1974 and continuing through the early 1990s is probably the political sign of our time. The political changes entailed, if broadly… More

The Tide Underneath the ‘Third Wave’

– Rowen, Henry. "The Tide Underneath the 'Third Wave'." Journal of Democracy 6:1 (Jan 1995): 52-64.
“The collapse of the socialist model, the increase in the number of democracies throughout the world, and the growing influence of East Asia have made the relative prospects of… More

Democratic Consolidations: Some Broad Comparisons and Sweeping Arguments

– Schneider, Ben Ross. "Democratic Consolidations: Some Broad Comparisons and Sweeping Arguments." Latin American Research Review 30:2 (Spring 1995): 215-234.
“These four ambitious books address similar concerns and raise several questions in common. First, they move beyond the analysis of transitions to democracy to focus on consolidation.… More

The Clash of Civilizations

– Huntington, Samuel. The Clash of Civilizations: and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996.
The classic study of post-Cold War international relations, more relevant than ever in the post-9/11 world, with a new foreword by Zbigniew Brzezinski. Since its initial publication, The… More

Democracy for the Long Haul

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Democracy for the Long Haul." Journal of Democracy v. 7, n. 2 (1996): 3-13.
I was last in Taipei in January 1989, participating in a conference on political change in Taiwan co-sponsored by the Institute of International Relations of National Chengchi University… More

Political Order in Changing Societies by Francis Fukuyama

– Fukuyama, Francis. "Political Order in Changing Societies." Foreign Affairs 76:5 (Sept/Oct 1997): 215-216.
“Huntington’s foundational work on political development was controversial when it first appeared, in the midst of the Vietnam War, because it argued that order itself was an… More

After Twenty Years: The Future of the Third Wave

– Huntington, Samuel P. "After Twenty Years: The Future of the Third Wave." Journal of Democracy v. 8, n. 4 (1997): 3-12.
Some five hundred years ago a small group of Portuguese leaders and thinkers — including King John II, Prince Henry the Navigator, Bartholomew Dias, and Vasco da Gama — acting… More

Remaking the World by Sandra Buckley

– Buckley, Sandra. "Remaking the World: Reflections on Huntington's Clash of Civilizations." Theory & Event, 2:4 (1998): 1-24.
“I was having a great deal of trouble trying to identify for myself what I wanted to say in this essay and in frustration I took a day off and went to visit the Monterey Aquarium with… More

From Modernization Theory Towards the ‘Clash of Civilizations’: Directions and Paradigm Shifts in Samuel Huntington’s Analysis and Prognosis of Global Development

– Kreutzmann, Hermann. "From Modernization Theory Towards the 'Clash of Civilizations': Directions and Paradigm Shifts in Samuel Huntington's Analysis and Prognosis of Global Development." GeoJournal, 46:4 (1998): 255-265.
This paper critically discusses Samuel Huntington’s contribution to development studies. Long before his currently debated work on the clash of civilizations, Huntington wrote on the… More

Globalization and Political Strategy

– Jameson, Fredric. "Globalization and Political Strategy." New Left Review 4 (2000): 49-68.
Attempts to define globalization often seem little better than so many ideological appropriations—discussions not of the process itself, but of its effects, good or bad: judgements, in… More

Samuel Huntingtons demokratische Wellen — viel Lärm um Gischt? [Samuel Huntington’s Democratic Waves: Much Ado about Spray

– Zimmerling, Ruth. "Samuel Huntingtons demokratische Wellen — viel Lärm um Gischt? [Samuel Huntington’s Democratic Waves: Much Ado about Spray." Politische Vierteljahresschrift 44:2 (June 2003): 196-216.
“In this paper I will take a critical look at the state of knowledge about prerequisites of democracy within the academic discipline of political science. I will argue that over the… More

Can a Global Peace Last Even If Achieved? Huntington and the Democratic Peace

– Xenias, Anastasia. "Can a Global Peace Last Even If Achieved? Huntington and the Democratic Peace." International Studies Review 7:3 (Sep. 2005), 357-386.
Current events have surfaced new challenges in the international state system. These are alternatively characterized as state versus substate conflicts, religious conflicts or the outgrowth… More

The Future of Freedom: Illiberal democracy at home and abroad

– Zakaria, Fareed. The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad. New York: Norton & Co, 2007.
Translated into twenty languages The Future of Freedom is a modern classic that uses historical analysis to shed light on the present, examining how democracy has changed our politics,… More

How Countries Democratize

– Huntington, Samuel P. "How Countries Democratize." Political Science Quarterly v. 124, n. 1 (2009): 31.
Between 1974 and 1990 more than thirty countries in southern Europe, Latin America, East Asia, and Eastern Europe shifted from authoritarian to democratic systems of government. This… More

Is the Arab Spring in the Third Wave of Democratization? The Case of Syria and Egypt

– Sarihan, Ali. "Is the Arab Spring in the Third Wave of Democratization? The Case of Syria and Egypt." Turkish Journal of Politics 3.1 (Summer 2012): 67-85.
In this paper, I will analyze the participation of Egypt and Syria in the Arab Spring using Huntington’s theory of third wave democratization. I will begin this examination with a brief… More

Tracks of the Third Wave: Democracy Theory, Democratisation and the Dilemma of Political Succession in Africa

– Nwosu, Bernard Ugochukwu. "Tracks of the Third Wave: Democracy Theory, Democratisation and the Dilemma of Political Succession in Africa." Review of African Political Economy 39:131 (2012): 11-25.
The sweep of the third-wave moment of democratic impulses through Africa saw mass movements against authoritarian rule and the demand for liberalisation of political spaces. Ruling-group… More

The End of the Transitions Era? by Marc Plattner

– Plattner, Marc F. "The End of the Transitions Era?" Journal of Democracy, 25:3 (Jul. 2014): 5-16.
The year 2014 contains two anniversaries of great significance in the history of democracy. Global attention will no doubt focus primarily on the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Revolutions… More

Multimedia

Political Development and Political Decay

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Political Development and Political Decay." World Politics v. 17 (3) (1965): 386-430.
“Among the laws that rule human societies,” de Tocqueville said, “there is one which seems to be more precise and clear than all others. If men are to remain civilized or… More

The Political Modernization of Traditional Monarchies

– Huntington, Samuel P. "The Political Modernization of Traditional Monarchies." Daedalus v. 95, n. 3 (1966): 763-788.
“The withering away of European colonial empires has virtually eliminated what was widely believed to be a highly anachronistic type of political order. There still remain, however,… More

Political Development and the Decline of the American System of World Order

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Political Development and the Decline of the American System of World Order." Daedalus  v. 96, n. 3 (1967): 927-929.
“By the year 2000 it should be clear retrospectively that the dominant feature of international politics during the thirty years after WWII was neither the East-West confrontation… More

Political Order in Changing Societies

– Huntington, Samuel P. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968.
Huntington’s foundational work on political development was controversial when it first appeared, in the midst of the Vietnam War, because it argued that order itself was an important… More

Comparative History and the Theory of Modernization

– Salamon, Lester. "Comparative History and the Theory of Modernization." World Politics 23 (Oct. 1970): 83-103.
“One of the sorest needs in the social sciences is for clear and concise conceptual equipment to give structure to disciplines and order to the range of hypotheses these disciplines… More

Foreign Aid for What and for Whom

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Foreign Aid for What and for Whom." Foreign Policy v. 1 (1970): 161-189.
“Foreign Aid: Billions in Search of a Good Reason” was the title of a 1963 Fortune article by Charles J. V. Murphy. Seven years later, the billions may be fewer in number, but… More

Why “Foreign Policy”?

– Huntington, Samuel P. and Warren Demian Manshel. "Why "Foreign Policy"?" Foreign Policy v. 1 (1970): 3-5.

Foreign Aid for What and for Whom (II)

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Foreign Aid for What and for Whom (II)." Foreign Policy v. 2 (1971): 114-134.
“The year 1971 could be an historic one for US foreign aid. Congress and the President have the opportunity this year to make fundamental innovations. The effort is timely, for many… More

The Change to Change: Modernization, Development, and Politics

– Huntington, Samuel P. "The Change to Change: Modernization, Development, and Politics." Comparative Politics v. 3 n. 3 (1971): 283-322.
It was not until the mid-1950s that a renaissance in the study of comparative politics got under way. Concern with modernization and the comparison of modern and traditional political… More

Order or Movement?: The Literature of Political Development as Ideology

– Kessleman, Mark. "Order or Movement?: The Literature of Political Development as Ideology." World Politics 26 (Oct  1973): 139-154.
“The term ‘political development’ originated during the cold war. After WWII, the prevalent attitude in the United States toward the Third World resembled that toward… More

Institutionalization and political development: a conceptual and theoretical analysis

– Ben-Dor, Gabriel. "Institutionalization and political development: a conceptual and theoretical analysis." Comparative Studies in Society and History 17 (Jul. 1975): 309-325.
“In recent years, institutionalization has become one of the key concepts in comparative politics in general, and in the study of political development in particular. This elegant and… More

No Easy Choice, Political Participation in Developing Countries

– Huntington, Samuel P and Joan Nelson. No Easy Choice, Political Participation in Developing Countries. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976.
“Two leading writers on the processes of political development present a lucid analysis of the growth and desirability of political participation in developing countries and the ways… More

The Institutional Myth: Huntington’s Order Revisited

– Groth, Alexander. "The Institutional Myth: Huntington's Order Revisited." The Review of Politics 41 (Apr. 1979): 203-234.
Among influential writers in the field of political development and comparative politics in the last two decades few have excelled Samuel P. Huntington. With a prudent economy of basic… More

Reform and Stability in South Africa

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Reform and Stability in South Africa." International Security v. 6, n. 4 (1982): 3-25.
“Multi-ethnic or multi-racial systems can be classified as vertical or hierarchical, on the one hand, and horizontal or parallel on the other. In a vertical or hierarchical system,… More

The Varieties of Revolution

– Dix, Robert. "The Varieties of Revolution." Comparative Politics 15:3 (Apr 1983): 281-294.
“In his Political Order in Changing Societies Samuel Huntington delineated two types of revolutions or revolutionary processes, the Western and the Eastern. Huntington argues, along… More

Will More Countries Become Democratic?

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Will More Countries Become Democratic?" Political Science Quarterly v. 99, n. 2 (1984): 193-218.
What are the prospects for the emergence of more democratic regimes in the world? This question has intellectual and policy relevance for the 1980s. During the 1950s and early 1960s,… More

Global Dilemmas

– Eds. Huntington, Samuel and Joseph Nye. Global Dilemmas. Cambridge: Center for International Affairs at Harvard University, 1985.
This collection, marking the 25th anniversary of Harvard’s Center for International Affairs, represents central issues for research in international affairs during this decade. Some… More

Democracy’s Third Wave

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Democracy’s Third Wave." Journal of Democracy, v. 2, n. 2 (1991): 12-34.
Between 1974 and 1990, at least 30 countries made transitions to democracy, just about doubling the number of democratic governments in the world. Were these democratizations part of a… More

The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century

– Huntington, Samuel P. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late 20th Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993.
Between 1974 and 1990 more than thirty countries in southern Europe, Latin America, East Asia, and Eastern Europe shifted from authoritarian to democratic systems of government. This global… More

Democracy’s Third Wave

– Schmitter, Philippe C. "Democracy's Third Wave." The Review of Politics 55:2 (Spring 1993): 348-351.

Democratic Transitions in Comparative Perspective

– Munck, Gerardo. "Democratic Transitions in Comparative Perspective." Comparative Politics 26:3 (Apr. 1994): 355-375.
“The surge of democratic governments, starting in 1974 and continuing through the early 1990s is probably the political sign of our time. The political changes entailed, if broadly… More

The Tide Underneath the ‘Third Wave’

– Rowen, Henry. "The Tide Underneath the 'Third Wave'." Journal of Democracy 6:1 (Jan 1995): 52-64.
“The collapse of the socialist model, the increase in the number of democracies throughout the world, and the growing influence of East Asia have made the relative prospects of… More

Democratic Consolidations: Some Broad Comparisons and Sweeping Arguments

– Schneider, Ben Ross. "Democratic Consolidations: Some Broad Comparisons and Sweeping Arguments." Latin American Research Review 30:2 (Spring 1995): 215-234.
“These four ambitious books address similar concerns and raise several questions in common. First, they move beyond the analysis of transitions to democracy to focus on consolidation.… More

The Clash of Civilizations

– Huntington, Samuel. The Clash of Civilizations: and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996.
The classic study of post-Cold War international relations, more relevant than ever in the post-9/11 world, with a new foreword by Zbigniew Brzezinski. Since its initial publication, The… More

Democracy for the Long Haul

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Democracy for the Long Haul." Journal of Democracy v. 7, n. 2 (1996): 3-13.
I was last in Taipei in January 1989, participating in a conference on political change in Taiwan co-sponsored by the Institute of International Relations of National Chengchi University… More

Political Order in Changing Societies by Francis Fukuyama

– Fukuyama, Francis. "Political Order in Changing Societies." Foreign Affairs 76:5 (Sept/Oct 1997): 215-216.
“Huntington’s foundational work on political development was controversial when it first appeared, in the midst of the Vietnam War, because it argued that order itself was an… More

After Twenty Years: The Future of the Third Wave

– Huntington, Samuel P. "After Twenty Years: The Future of the Third Wave." Journal of Democracy v. 8, n. 4 (1997): 3-12.
Some five hundred years ago a small group of Portuguese leaders and thinkers — including King John II, Prince Henry the Navigator, Bartholomew Dias, and Vasco da Gama — acting… More

Remaking the World by Sandra Buckley

– Buckley, Sandra. "Remaking the World: Reflections on Huntington's Clash of Civilizations." Theory & Event, 2:4 (1998): 1-24.
“I was having a great deal of trouble trying to identify for myself what I wanted to say in this essay and in frustration I took a day off and went to visit the Monterey Aquarium with… More

From Modernization Theory Towards the ‘Clash of Civilizations’: Directions and Paradigm Shifts in Samuel Huntington’s Analysis and Prognosis of Global Development

– Kreutzmann, Hermann. "From Modernization Theory Towards the 'Clash of Civilizations': Directions and Paradigm Shifts in Samuel Huntington's Analysis and Prognosis of Global Development." GeoJournal, 46:4 (1998): 255-265.
This paper critically discusses Samuel Huntington’s contribution to development studies. Long before his currently debated work on the clash of civilizations, Huntington wrote on the… More

Globalization and Political Strategy

– Jameson, Fredric. "Globalization and Political Strategy." New Left Review 4 (2000): 49-68.
Attempts to define globalization often seem little better than so many ideological appropriations—discussions not of the process itself, but of its effects, good or bad: judgements, in… More

Samuel Huntingtons demokratische Wellen — viel Lärm um Gischt? [Samuel Huntington’s Democratic Waves: Much Ado about Spray

– Zimmerling, Ruth. "Samuel Huntingtons demokratische Wellen — viel Lärm um Gischt? [Samuel Huntington’s Democratic Waves: Much Ado about Spray." Politische Vierteljahresschrift 44:2 (June 2003): 196-216.
“In this paper I will take a critical look at the state of knowledge about prerequisites of democracy within the academic discipline of political science. I will argue that over the… More

Can a Global Peace Last Even If Achieved? Huntington and the Democratic Peace

– Xenias, Anastasia. "Can a Global Peace Last Even If Achieved? Huntington and the Democratic Peace." International Studies Review 7:3 (Sep. 2005), 357-386.
Current events have surfaced new challenges in the international state system. These are alternatively characterized as state versus substate conflicts, religious conflicts or the outgrowth… More

The Future of Freedom: Illiberal democracy at home and abroad

– Zakaria, Fareed. The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad. New York: Norton & Co, 2007.
Translated into twenty languages The Future of Freedom is a modern classic that uses historical analysis to shed light on the present, examining how democracy has changed our politics,… More

How Countries Democratize

– Huntington, Samuel P. "How Countries Democratize." Political Science Quarterly v. 124, n. 1 (2009): 31.
Between 1974 and 1990 more than thirty countries in southern Europe, Latin America, East Asia, and Eastern Europe shifted from authoritarian to democratic systems of government. This… More

Is the Arab Spring in the Third Wave of Democratization? The Case of Syria and Egypt

– Sarihan, Ali. "Is the Arab Spring in the Third Wave of Democratization? The Case of Syria and Egypt." Turkish Journal of Politics 3.1 (Summer 2012): 67-85.
In this paper, I will analyze the participation of Egypt and Syria in the Arab Spring using Huntington’s theory of third wave democratization. I will begin this examination with a brief… More

Tracks of the Third Wave: Democracy Theory, Democratisation and the Dilemma of Political Succession in Africa

– Nwosu, Bernard Ugochukwu. "Tracks of the Third Wave: Democracy Theory, Democratisation and the Dilemma of Political Succession in Africa." Review of African Political Economy 39:131 (2012): 11-25.
The sweep of the third-wave moment of democratic impulses through Africa saw mass movements against authoritarian rule and the demand for liberalisation of political spaces. Ruling-group… More

The End of the Transitions Era? by Marc Plattner

– Plattner, Marc F. "The End of the Transitions Era?" Journal of Democracy, 25:3 (Jul. 2014): 5-16.
The year 2014 contains two anniversaries of great significance in the history of democracy. Global attention will no doubt focus primarily on the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Revolutions… More

Teaching

Political Development and Political Decay

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Political Development and Political Decay." World Politics v. 17 (3) (1965): 386-430.
“Among the laws that rule human societies,” de Tocqueville said, “there is one which seems to be more precise and clear than all others. If men are to remain civilized or… More

The Political Modernization of Traditional Monarchies

– Huntington, Samuel P. "The Political Modernization of Traditional Monarchies." Daedalus v. 95, n. 3 (1966): 763-788.
“The withering away of European colonial empires has virtually eliminated what was widely believed to be a highly anachronistic type of political order. There still remain, however,… More

Political Development and the Decline of the American System of World Order

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Political Development and the Decline of the American System of World Order." Daedalus  v. 96, n. 3 (1967): 927-929.
“By the year 2000 it should be clear retrospectively that the dominant feature of international politics during the thirty years after WWII was neither the East-West confrontation… More

Political Order in Changing Societies

– Huntington, Samuel P. Political Order in Changing Societies. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1968.
Huntington’s foundational work on political development was controversial when it first appeared, in the midst of the Vietnam War, because it argued that order itself was an important… More

Comparative History and the Theory of Modernization

– Salamon, Lester. "Comparative History and the Theory of Modernization." World Politics 23 (Oct. 1970): 83-103.
“One of the sorest needs in the social sciences is for clear and concise conceptual equipment to give structure to disciplines and order to the range of hypotheses these disciplines… More

Foreign Aid for What and for Whom

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Foreign Aid for What and for Whom." Foreign Policy v. 1 (1970): 161-189.
“Foreign Aid: Billions in Search of a Good Reason” was the title of a 1963 Fortune article by Charles J. V. Murphy. Seven years later, the billions may be fewer in number, but… More

Why “Foreign Policy”?

– Huntington, Samuel P. and Warren Demian Manshel. "Why "Foreign Policy"?" Foreign Policy v. 1 (1970): 3-5.

Foreign Aid for What and for Whom (II)

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Foreign Aid for What and for Whom (II)." Foreign Policy v. 2 (1971): 114-134.
“The year 1971 could be an historic one for US foreign aid. Congress and the President have the opportunity this year to make fundamental innovations. The effort is timely, for many… More

The Change to Change: Modernization, Development, and Politics

– Huntington, Samuel P. "The Change to Change: Modernization, Development, and Politics." Comparative Politics v. 3 n. 3 (1971): 283-322.
It was not until the mid-1950s that a renaissance in the study of comparative politics got under way. Concern with modernization and the comparison of modern and traditional political… More

Order or Movement?: The Literature of Political Development as Ideology

– Kessleman, Mark. "Order or Movement?: The Literature of Political Development as Ideology." World Politics 26 (Oct  1973): 139-154.
“The term ‘political development’ originated during the cold war. After WWII, the prevalent attitude in the United States toward the Third World resembled that toward… More

Institutionalization and political development: a conceptual and theoretical analysis

– Ben-Dor, Gabriel. "Institutionalization and political development: a conceptual and theoretical analysis." Comparative Studies in Society and History 17 (Jul. 1975): 309-325.
“In recent years, institutionalization has become one of the key concepts in comparative politics in general, and in the study of political development in particular. This elegant and… More

No Easy Choice, Political Participation in Developing Countries

– Huntington, Samuel P and Joan Nelson. No Easy Choice, Political Participation in Developing Countries. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976.
“Two leading writers on the processes of political development present a lucid analysis of the growth and desirability of political participation in developing countries and the ways… More

The Institutional Myth: Huntington’s Order Revisited

– Groth, Alexander. "The Institutional Myth: Huntington's Order Revisited." The Review of Politics 41 (Apr. 1979): 203-234.
Among influential writers in the field of political development and comparative politics in the last two decades few have excelled Samuel P. Huntington. With a prudent economy of basic… More

Reform and Stability in South Africa

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Reform and Stability in South Africa." International Security v. 6, n. 4 (1982): 3-25.
“Multi-ethnic or multi-racial systems can be classified as vertical or hierarchical, on the one hand, and horizontal or parallel on the other. In a vertical or hierarchical system,… More

The Varieties of Revolution

– Dix, Robert. "The Varieties of Revolution." Comparative Politics 15:3 (Apr 1983): 281-294.
“In his Political Order in Changing Societies Samuel Huntington delineated two types of revolutions or revolutionary processes, the Western and the Eastern. Huntington argues, along… More

Will More Countries Become Democratic?

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Will More Countries Become Democratic?" Political Science Quarterly v. 99, n. 2 (1984): 193-218.
What are the prospects for the emergence of more democratic regimes in the world? This question has intellectual and policy relevance for the 1980s. During the 1950s and early 1960s,… More

Global Dilemmas

– Eds. Huntington, Samuel and Joseph Nye. Global Dilemmas. Cambridge: Center for International Affairs at Harvard University, 1985.
This collection, marking the 25th anniversary of Harvard’s Center for International Affairs, represents central issues for research in international affairs during this decade. Some… More

Democracy’s Third Wave

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Democracy’s Third Wave." Journal of Democracy, v. 2, n. 2 (1991): 12-34.
Between 1974 and 1990, at least 30 countries made transitions to democracy, just about doubling the number of democratic governments in the world. Were these democratizations part of a… More

The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late Twentieth Century

– Huntington, Samuel P. The Third Wave: Democratization in the Late 20th Century. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1993.
Between 1974 and 1990 more than thirty countries in southern Europe, Latin America, East Asia, and Eastern Europe shifted from authoritarian to democratic systems of government. This global… More

Democracy’s Third Wave

– Schmitter, Philippe C. "Democracy's Third Wave." The Review of Politics 55:2 (Spring 1993): 348-351.

Democratic Transitions in Comparative Perspective

– Munck, Gerardo. "Democratic Transitions in Comparative Perspective." Comparative Politics 26:3 (Apr. 1994): 355-375.
“The surge of democratic governments, starting in 1974 and continuing through the early 1990s is probably the political sign of our time. The political changes entailed, if broadly… More

The Tide Underneath the ‘Third Wave’

– Rowen, Henry. "The Tide Underneath the 'Third Wave'." Journal of Democracy 6:1 (Jan 1995): 52-64.
“The collapse of the socialist model, the increase in the number of democracies throughout the world, and the growing influence of East Asia have made the relative prospects of… More

Democratic Consolidations: Some Broad Comparisons and Sweeping Arguments

– Schneider, Ben Ross. "Democratic Consolidations: Some Broad Comparisons and Sweeping Arguments." Latin American Research Review 30:2 (Spring 1995): 215-234.
“These four ambitious books address similar concerns and raise several questions in common. First, they move beyond the analysis of transitions to democracy to focus on consolidation.… More

The Clash of Civilizations

– Huntington, Samuel. The Clash of Civilizations: and the Remaking of World Order. New York: Simon and Schuster, 1996.
The classic study of post-Cold War international relations, more relevant than ever in the post-9/11 world, with a new foreword by Zbigniew Brzezinski. Since its initial publication, The… More

Democracy for the Long Haul

– Huntington, Samuel P. "Democracy for the Long Haul." Journal of Democracy v. 7, n. 2 (1996): 3-13.
I was last in Taipei in January 1989, participating in a conference on political change in Taiwan co-sponsored by the Institute of International Relations of National Chengchi University… More

Political Order in Changing Societies by Francis Fukuyama

– Fukuyama, Francis. "Political Order in Changing Societies." Foreign Affairs 76:5 (Sept/Oct 1997): 215-216.
“Huntington’s foundational work on political development was controversial when it first appeared, in the midst of the Vietnam War, because it argued that order itself was an… More

After Twenty Years: The Future of the Third Wave

– Huntington, Samuel P. "After Twenty Years: The Future of the Third Wave." Journal of Democracy v. 8, n. 4 (1997): 3-12.
Some five hundred years ago a small group of Portuguese leaders and thinkers — including King John II, Prince Henry the Navigator, Bartholomew Dias, and Vasco da Gama — acting… More

Remaking the World by Sandra Buckley

– Buckley, Sandra. "Remaking the World: Reflections on Huntington's Clash of Civilizations." Theory & Event, 2:4 (1998): 1-24.
“I was having a great deal of trouble trying to identify for myself what I wanted to say in this essay and in frustration I took a day off and went to visit the Monterey Aquarium with… More

From Modernization Theory Towards the ‘Clash of Civilizations’: Directions and Paradigm Shifts in Samuel Huntington’s Analysis and Prognosis of Global Development

– Kreutzmann, Hermann. "From Modernization Theory Towards the 'Clash of Civilizations': Directions and Paradigm Shifts in Samuel Huntington's Analysis and Prognosis of Global Development." GeoJournal, 46:4 (1998): 255-265.
This paper critically discusses Samuel Huntington’s contribution to development studies. Long before his currently debated work on the clash of civilizations, Huntington wrote on the… More

Globalization and Political Strategy

– Jameson, Fredric. "Globalization and Political Strategy." New Left Review 4 (2000): 49-68.
Attempts to define globalization often seem little better than so many ideological appropriations—discussions not of the process itself, but of its effects, good or bad: judgements, in… More

Samuel Huntingtons demokratische Wellen — viel Lärm um Gischt? [Samuel Huntington’s Democratic Waves: Much Ado about Spray

– Zimmerling, Ruth. "Samuel Huntingtons demokratische Wellen — viel Lärm um Gischt? [Samuel Huntington’s Democratic Waves: Much Ado about Spray." Politische Vierteljahresschrift 44:2 (June 2003): 196-216.
“In this paper I will take a critical look at the state of knowledge about prerequisites of democracy within the academic discipline of political science. I will argue that over the… More

Can a Global Peace Last Even If Achieved? Huntington and the Democratic Peace

– Xenias, Anastasia. "Can a Global Peace Last Even If Achieved? Huntington and the Democratic Peace." International Studies Review 7:3 (Sep. 2005), 357-386.
Current events have surfaced new challenges in the international state system. These are alternatively characterized as state versus substate conflicts, religious conflicts or the outgrowth… More

The Future of Freedom: Illiberal democracy at home and abroad

– Zakaria, Fareed. The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad. New York: Norton & Co, 2007.
Translated into twenty languages The Future of Freedom is a modern classic that uses historical analysis to shed light on the present, examining how democracy has changed our politics,… More

How Countries Democratize

– Huntington, Samuel P. "How Countries Democratize." Political Science Quarterly v. 124, n. 1 (2009): 31.
Between 1974 and 1990 more than thirty countries in southern Europe, Latin America, East Asia, and Eastern Europe shifted from authoritarian to democratic systems of government. This… More

Is the Arab Spring in the Third Wave of Democratization? The Case of Syria and Egypt

– Sarihan, Ali. "Is the Arab Spring in the Third Wave of Democratization? The Case of Syria and Egypt." Turkish Journal of Politics 3.1 (Summer 2012): 67-85.
In this paper, I will analyze the participation of Egypt and Syria in the Arab Spring using Huntington’s theory of third wave democratization. I will begin this examination with a brief… More

Tracks of the Third Wave: Democracy Theory, Democratisation and the Dilemma of Political Succession in Africa

– Nwosu, Bernard Ugochukwu. "Tracks of the Third Wave: Democracy Theory, Democratisation and the Dilemma of Political Succession in Africa." Review of African Political Economy 39:131 (2012): 11-25.
The sweep of the third-wave moment of democratic impulses through Africa saw mass movements against authoritarian rule and the demand for liberalisation of political spaces. Ruling-group… More

The End of the Transitions Era? by Marc Plattner

– Plattner, Marc F. "The End of the Transitions Era?" Journal of Democracy, 25:3 (Jul. 2014): 5-16.
The year 2014 contains two anniversaries of great significance in the history of democracy. Global attention will no doubt focus primarily on the twenty-fifth anniversary of the Revolutions… More